The dry-deposition of speciated mercury to the Florida Everglades: Measurements and modeling

Abstract

The Florida Everglades Dry-Deposition Study (FEDDS) was designed to test the viability of using new and existing measurement techniques in the estimation of the dry-depositional loading of speciated mercury (elemental gaseous, reactive gaseous and particulate) to a mixed sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense) and cattail (Typha domingensis) stand within the Florida Everglades. Measurement intensives were performed during 24 February-04 March 1999 and 05-21 June 2000, which corresponded to the climatological dry and wet seasons in South Florida, respectively. During these intensives, direct measurements of mercury dry-deposition were made using a newly developed surrogate water surface technique. These direct measurements were compared with modeled estimates of mercury dry-deposition to the site that were obtained through the use of an inferential or "bigleaf" model that was modified for use with speciated mercury. On-site measurements of ambient speciated mercury concentrations and numerous micrometeorological variables were used as input to the model. The average mercury dry-deposition measured during the 1999 FEDDS measurement intensive was 13.3±4.0 ng m-2 day-1, while the modeled deposition for this period was 3.4±2.3 ng m-2 day-1. The average mercury dry-deposition measured during the 2000 FEDDS measurement intensive was lower, 5.9±2.8 ng m-2 day-1, while the average modeled deposition for this period was 1.8±0.6 ng m-2 day-1. A least-squares linear regression suggests that the model was able to explain 74% and 73% of the variability in the datasets for the 1999 and 2000 FEDDS intensives, respectively. While reported reductions in total mercury emissions across South Florida between study periods could explain the reductions in both the measured and predicted mercury dry-deposition estimates, the increased presence of cumulus convection during the summer-intensive could have also resulted in a removal of reactive and particulate mercury species within the atmosphere of South Florida. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.