cover file:///C|/...ttings/Temp/Rar$EX00.656/ReOrient%20%20Global%20Economy%20in%20the%20Asian%20Age/files/cover.html[5/26/2009 9:56:32 AM] cover next page title: ReOrient : Global Economy in the Asian Age author: Frank, Andre Gunder. publisher: University of California Press isbn10 | asin: 0520214749 print isbn13: 9780520214743 ebook isbn13: 9780585054421 language: English subject International economic relations--History, Capitalism-- History, Competition, International--History, Economic history. publication date: 1998 lcc: HF1359.F697 1998eb ddc: 337 subject: International economic relations--History, Capitalism-- History, Competition, International--History, Economic history. cover next page If you like this book, buy it!

cover-0 file:///C|/...ngs/Temp/Rar$EX00.656/ReOrient%20%20Global%20Economy%20in%20the%20Asian%20Age/files/cover-0.html[5/26/2009 9:56:33 AM] previous page cover-0 next page ReOrient Global Economy in the Asian Age Andre Gunder Frank UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley / Los Angeles / London previous page cover-0 next page If you like this book, buy it!

cover-1 file:///C|/...ngs/Temp/Rar$EX00.656/ReOrient%20%20Global%20Economy%20in%20the%20Asian%20Age/files/cover-1.html[5/26/2009 9:56:34 AM] previous page cover-1 next page University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England �� 1998 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Frank, Andre Gunder, 1929- ReORIENT: global economy in the Asian Age / Andre Gunder Frank. p. cm. Includes bibliographic references and index. ISBN 0-520-21129-4 (alk. paper) ISBN 0-520-21474-9 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. International economic relationsHistory. 2. Capitalism History. 3. Competition, InternationalHistory. 4. Economic his- tory. I. Title. HF1359.F697 1998 337dc 21 97-24106 Printed in the United States of America 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standards for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. previous page cover-1 next page If you like this book, buy it!

cover-2 file:///C|/...ngs/Temp/Rar$EX00.656/ReOrient%20%20Global%20Economy%20in%20the%20Asian%20Age/files/cover-2.html[5/26/2009 9:56:34 AM] previous page cover-2 next page For Nancy, my love and life, who in giving me both hers and mine, made me love it enough to offer her my best book and our family, whose acceptance and love blesses and supports our own: David and Sue the elder, Sue the wiser, Paulo, Miguel and David the younger, and their spouses Jane, Walter, Vero and Fiona, who support us all and to my surgeons Rick and Bob and our caretakers Jo-Anne and Jocelin, whose professional skill and personal friendship made this book possible previous page cover-2 next page If you like this book, buy it!

cover-3 file:///C|/...ngs/Temp/Rar$EX00.656/ReOrient%20%20Global%20Economy%20in%20the%20Asian%20Age/files/cover-3.html[5/26/2009 9:56:35 AM] previous page cover-3 next page There is no history but universal historyas it really was. Leopold yon Ranke Il n'y a pas d'histoire de l'Europe, il y a une histoire du monde! Marc Bloc History is marked by alternating movements across the imaginary line that separates East from West in Eurasia. Herodotus History is all things to all men.... Perhaps the most important methodological problem in the writing of history is to discover why different historians, on the basis of the same or similar evidence, often have markedly different interpretations of a particular historical event. R. M. Hartwell The great enemy of truth is very often not the liedeliberate, contrived and dishonestbut the mythpersistent, persuasive and unrealistic. John E Kennedy orient: The East lustrous, sparkling, precious radiant, rising, nascent place or exactly determine position, settle or find bearings bring into clearly understood relations direct towards determine how one stands in relation to one's surroundings. Turn eastward. reorient: Give new orientation to readjust, change outlook. from The Concise Oxford Dictionary previous page cover-3 next page If you like this book, buy it!

cover-4 file:///C|/...ngs/Temp/Rar$EX00.656/ReOrient%20%20Global%20Economy%20in%20the%20Asian%20Age/files/cover-4.html[5/26/2009 9:56:35 AM] previous page cover-4 next page Contents Preface xv I Introduction to Real World History vs. Eurocentric Social Theory 1 Holistic Methodology and Objectives 1 Globalism, not Eurocentrism 8 Smith, Marx, and Weber 12 Contemporary Eurocentrism and Its Critics 20 Economic Historians 24 Limitations of Recent Social Theory 26 Outline of a Global Economic Perspective 34 Anticipating and Confronting Resistance and Obstacles 38 2 The Global Trade Carousel 1400-1800 52 An Introduction to the World Economy 52 Thirteenth- and Fourteenth-Century Antecedents 56 The Columbian Exchange and Its Consequences 59 Some Neglected Features in the World Economy 61

cover-4 file:///C|/...ngs/Temp/Rar$EX00.656/ReOrient%20%20Global%20Economy%20in%20the%20Asian%20Age/files/cover-4.html[5/26/2009 9:56:35 AM] previous page cover-4 next page If you like this book, buy it!

page_x file:///C|/...ings/Temp/Rar$EX00.656/ReOrient%20%20Global%20Economy%20in%20the%20Asian%20Age/files/page_x.html[5/26/2009 9:56:36 AM] previous page page_x next page Page x World Division of Labor and Balances of Trade 63 Mapping the Global Economy 64 The Americas 70 Africa 71 Europe 74 West Asia 75 The Ottomans 78 Safavid Persia 82 India and the Indian Ocean 84 North India 90 Gujarat and Malabar 90 Coromandel 90 Bengal 91 Southeast Asia 92 Archipellago and Islands 97 101

page_x file:///C|/...ings/Temp/Rar$EX00.656/ReOrient%20%20Global%20Economy%20in%20the%20Asian%20Age/files/page_x.html[5/26/2009 9:56:36 AM] Mainland Japan 104 China 108 Population, Production, and Trade 109 China in the World Economy 111 Central Asia 117 Russia and the Baltics 123 Summary of a Sinocentric World Economy 126 3 Money Went Around the World and Made the World Go Round 131 World Money: Its Production and Exchange 131 Micro- and Macro-Attractions in the Global Casino 133 Dealing and Playing in the Global Casino 139 The Numbers Game 142 Silver 143 Gold 149 Credit 150 How Did the Winners Use Their Money? 151

page_x file:///C|/...ings/Temp/Rar$EX00.656/ReOrient%20%20Global%20Economy%20in%20the%20Asian%20Age/files/page_x.html[5/26/2009 9:56:36 AM] The Hoarding Thesis 152 Inflation or Production in the Quantity Theory of Money 153 Money Expanded the Frontiers of Settlement and Production 158 In India 158 In China 160 Elsewhere in Asia 162 previous page page_x next page If you like this book, buy it!

page_xi file:///C|/...ngs/Temp/Rar$EX00.656/ReOrient%20%20Global%20Economy%20in%20the%20Asian%20Age/files/page_xi.html[5/26/2009 9:56:36 AM] previous page page_xi next page Page xi 4 The Global Economy: Comparisons and Relations 165 Quantities: Population, Production, Productivity, Income, and Trade 166 Population, Production, and Income 167 Productivity and Competitiveness 174 World Trade 1400-1800 178 Qualities: Science and Technology 185 Eurocentrism Regarding Science and Technology in Asia 185 Guns 195 Ships 197 Printing 200 Textiles 200 Metallurgy, Coal, and Power 202 Transport 203 World Technological Development 204 Mechanisms: Economic and Financial Institutions 205 Comparing and Relating Asian and European Institutions 208

page_xi file:///C|/...ngs/Temp/Rar$EX00.656/ReOrient%20%20Global%20Economy%20in%20the%20Asian%20Age/files/page_xi.html[5/26/2009 9:56:36 AM] Global Institutional Relations 209 In India 214 In China 218 5 Horizontally Integrative Macrohistory 226 Simultaneity Is No Coincidence 228 Doing Horizontally Integrative Macrohistory 230 Demographic/Structural Analysis 230 A "Seventeenth-Century Crisis"? 231 The 1640 Silver Crises 237 Kondratieff Analysis 248 The 1762-1790 Kondratieff "B" Phase: Crisis and Recessions 251 A More Horizontally Integrative Macrohistory? 255 6 Why Did the West Win (Temporarily)? 258 Is There a Long-Cycle Roller Coaster? 260 previous page page_xi next page If you like this book, buy it!

page_xii file:///C|/...gs/Temp/Rar$EX00.656/ReOrient%20%20Global%20Economy%20in%20the%20Asian%20Age/files/page_xii.html[5/26/2009 9:56:37 AM] previous page page_xii next page Page xii Agency vs. Structure 351 Europe in the World Economic Nutshell 352 Jihad vs. McWorld in the Anarchy of the Clash of Civilizations? 357 References 361 Index 389 previous page page_xii next page If you like this book, buy it!

page_xv file:///C|/...gs/Temp/Rar$EX00.656/ReOrient%20%20Global%20Economy%20in%20the%20Asian%20Age/files/page_xv.html[5/26/2009 9:56:37 AM] previous page page_xv next page Page xv Preface I think authors ought to look back and give us some record of how their works developed, not because their works are important (they may turn out to be unimportant) but because we need to know more of the process of history-wring. . .. Writers of history are not just observers. They are themselves part of the act and need to observe themselves in action. John King Fairbank (1969: vii) In this book I turn received Eurocentric historiography and social theory upside down by using a "globological" perspective (the term is taken from Albert Bergesen's 1982 article). Early modem economic history is viewed from a world-encompassing global perspective. I seek to analyze the structure and dynamic of the whole world economic system itself and not only the European (part of the) world economic system. For my argument is that we must analyze the whole, which is more than the sum of its parts, to account for the development even of any of its parts, including that of Europe. That is all the more so the case for "the Rise of the West," since it turns out that from a global perspective Asia and not Europe held center stage for most of early modem history. Therefore the most important question is less what happened in Europe than what happened in the world as a whole and particularly in its leading Asian parts. I render historical events from this much more global perspective and propose to account for "the Decline of the East" and the concomitant "Rise of the West" within the world as a whole. This procedure pulls the historical rug out from under the anti-historical/scientificreally ideologicalEurocentrism of Marx, Weber, previous page page_xv next page If you like this book, buy it!

page_xvi file:///C|/...gs/Temp/Rar$EX00.656/ReOrient%20%20Global%20Economy%20in%20the%20Asian%20Age/files/page_xvi.html[5/26/2009 9:56:38 AM] previous page page_xvi next page Page xvi Toynbee, Polanyi, Braudel, Wallerstein, and most other contemporary social theorists. Since as Fairbank observes, writing history is part of history itself, I will follow his counsel to give the reader some record of how my work developed. I will signal only the most significant intellectual way stations and avoid wasting the reader's time with nonessential personalisms. Yet I cannot avoid reference to at least some persons whooften unintentionallyhave lighted the way to me and to whom I wish to express my thanks in this preface. My anthropologist friend Sid Mintz and I have been debating without end since the mid-1950s. He has said, ''Culture matters" and I have always retorted, "Structure matters." My thesis was first impressed on me in the seminar with the eminent cultural anthropologist Robert Red-field, audited on the second floor of the social science building at the University of Chicago. That is where I was introduced to holism and the importance of its pursuit in social science. In the parallel graduate-student coffee-time "seminar," I argued that what Redfield was missing was structure. Perhaps I had gotten the idea the previous semesters, when I had audited the visiting structural functionalist anthropologists Raymond Firth and Meyer Fortes. I say "audited," because I was supposed to be up on the fourth floor of the social science building, where I was getting my Ph.D. in the Department of Economics. Since then, the members and products of this department and their brethren outliers in the University of Chicago's business and law schools (some of them my then fellow economics graduate students) have gotten about half the Nobel prizes in economics granted in this world, among them five in the last six years. I, on the other hand, flunked my Ph.D. exam three times in a row in inter-national economics, which was my strongest field on the fourth floor the significance of the hyphen and the italic typeface in the adjective preceding "economics" above should become evident in the present book. The previous sentence may also offer clues to why I felt more comfortable on the second floor. However, much of the "the personal is political" and theoretical intellectual account is already related in my autobiographical "Underdevelopment of Development" (Frank 1991c, 1996). So here I will stick only to what seems most germane for the history behind this book, which pretends to rewrite history. In 1962 I went to Latin America, armed with the names of some friends given to me by Eric Wolf, also an anthropologistand with his early writings on how world capitalism had intervened to form (or previous page page_xvi next page If you like this book, buy it!