Since the late 1980s, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been increasingly used in biological sciences and it is now established as a versatile tool to address the structure, properties and functions of biological specimens. AFM is unique in that it provides three-dimensional images of biological structures, including biomolecules, lipid films, 2D protein crystals and cells, under physiological conditions and with unprecedented resolution. A crucial prerequisite for successful, reliable biological AFM is that the samples need to be well attached to a solid substrate using appropriate, nondestructive methods. In this review, we discuss common techniques for immobilizing biological specimens for AFM studies. © 2005 The Royal Microscopical Society.
CITATION STYLE
El Kirat, K., Burton, I., Dupres, V., & Dufrene, Y. F. (2005). Sample preparation procedures for biological atomic force microscopy. Journal of Microscopy. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.2005.01480.x
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