Methods of Analysis Second Edition Soil Sampling and �� 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

In physical science the first essential step in the direction of learning any subject is to find principles of numerical reckoning and practicable methods for measuring some quality connected with it. I often say that when you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely in your thoughts advanced to the state of science, whatever the matter may be. Lord Kelvin, Popular Lectures and Addresses (1891���1894), vol. 1, Electrical Units of Measurement Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas. Happy the man who has been able to learn the causes of things. Virgil: Georgics (II, 490) �� 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis Second Edition Edited by M.R. Carter E.G. Gregorich Canadian Society of Soil Science �� 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 �� 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-3586-0 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any informa- tion storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For orga- nizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Soil sampling and methods of analysis / edited by M.R. Carter and E.G. Gregorich. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8493-3586-0 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8493-3586-8 (alk. paper) 1. Soils--Analysis. 2. Soils--Sampling. I. Carter, Martin R. II. Gregorich, E. G. III. Title. S593.S7425 2007 631.4���1--dc22 2006102606 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com �� 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

PREFACE This volume is an update of the book, Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis, first published in 1993. The aims of this second edition remain the same as those of the earlier edition���to provide a compilation of soil analytical and sampling methods that are commonly used, straightforward, and relatively easy to use. The materials and procedures for these methods are presented with sufficient detail and information, along with key references, to charac- terize the potential and limitation of each method. As methods develop, so do their degree of sophistication. Taking these developments into account, the second edition includes several chapters that serve as ������primers,������ the purpose of which is to describe the overall principles and concepts behind a particular type or types of measurement, rather than just methods alone. All of the chapters retained from the earlier edition have been modified and updated. The second edition also introduces new chapters, particularly in the areas of biological and physical analyses, and soil sampling and handling. For example, the ������Soil Biological Analyses������ section contains new chapters to reflect the growing number and assortment of new microbiological techniques and the burgeoning interest in soil ecology. New chapters are offered describing tools that characterize the dynamics and chemistry of soil organic matter. A new section devoted to soil water presents up-to-date field- and laboratory-based methods that characterize saturated and unsaturated soil hydraulic properties. This second edition of Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis comprises 7 sections and a total of 85 chapters and 2 appendices written by 140 authors and co-authors. Each section is assembled by two section editors and each chapter reviewed by at least two external reviewers. We are grateful to these people for their diligent work in polishing and refining the text and helping to bring this new volume to fruition. We particularly thank Elaine Nobbs for her support in working with the many authors involved in writing this book. We offer this new edition of Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis in the belief that it will continue as a useful tool for researchers and practitioners working with soil. M.R. Carter and E.G. Gregorich Editors �� 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

CANADIAN SOCIETY OF SOIL SCIENCE The Canadian Society of Soil Science is a nongovernmental, nonprofit organization for scientists, engineers, technologists, administrators, students, and others interested in soil science. Its three main objectives are . To promote the wise use of soil for the benefit of society . To facilitate the exchange of information and technology among people and organizations involved in soil science . To promote research and practical application of findings in soil science The society produces the international scientific publication, the Canadian Journal of Soil Science, and each year hosts an international soil science conference. It sponsored the first edition of Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis (Lewis Publishers, CRC Press, 1993) and also promoted the publication of the popular reference book Soil and Environmental Science Dictionary (CRC Press, 2001). The society publishes a newsletter to share information and ideas, and maintains active liaison and partnerships with other soil science societies. For more information about the Canadian Society of Soil Science, please visit www.csss.ca. �� 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

EDITORS M.R. Carter holds degrees in agriculture and soil science from the University of Alberta and obtained a PhD in soil science from the University of Saskatchewan in 1983. Since 1977, he has held agricultural research positions with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) and is currently a research scientist at the AAFC Research Center, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. Dr. Carter is a fellow and past-president of the Canadian Society of Soil Science, and past editor of the Canadian Journal of Soil Science. He edited the first edition of Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis, (CRC Press, 1993) and also edited Conservation Tillage in Temperate Agroecosystems (CRC Press, 1994) and Structure and Organic Matter Storage in Agricultural Soils (CRC Press, 1996). In collaboration with Dr. Gregorich, he edited Soil Quality for Crop Production and Ecosystem Health (Elsevier, 1997) and Soil & Environmental Science Dictionary (CRC Press, 2001). Dr. Carter presently serves as editor- in-chief for the international scientific journal Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment. E.G. Gregorich is a research scientist with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada at the Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa, Canada. His work focuses on soil biochemistry, particularly carbon and nitrogen cycling in soil. He is a fellow and past-president of the Canadian Society of Soil Science, and has served the Soil Science Society of America as chair of the soil biology and biochemistry division. Dr. Gregorich has been a member of the International Panel on Climate Change, has conducted field studies in Scotland, New Zealand, and Antarctica, and directs a Canadian international development project in Vietnam. He has served as associate editor for the Journal of Environmental Quality Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment European Journal of Soil Science and the Canadian Journal of Soil Science. This is the third book on which he and Dr. Carter have collaborated as editors. �� 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

�� 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

CONTRIBUTORS D. Acosta-Mercado Department of Biology University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez, Puerto Rico J.A. Addison School of Sustainability and Environment Royal Roads University Victoria, British Columbia, Canada S.M. Adl Department of Biology Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada D.W. Anderson Department of Soil Science University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Denis A. Angers Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Quebec, Quebec, Canada H. Antoun Department of Soils and Agrifood Engineering Laval University Quebec, Quebec, Canada J.M. Arocena College of Science and Management University of Northern British Columbia Prince George, British Columbia, Canada V.L. Bailey Biological Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington, United States G.H. Baker Entomology Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia J.A. Baldock Land and Water Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia B.C. Ball Scottish Agricultural College Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom M.H. Beare New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Christchurch, New Zealand E.G. Beauchamp Department of Land Resource Science University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario, Canada V.M. Behan-Pelletier Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada N. Belanger�� Department of Soil Science University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Normand Bertrand Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Quebec, Quebec, Canada R.P. Beyaert Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada London, Ontario, Canada H. Bolton, Jr. Biological Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington, United States Jeff Braidek Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada E. Bremer Symbio Ag Consulting Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada J.A. Brierley Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Edmonton, Alberta, Canada �� 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

P.C. Brookes Agriculture and Environment Division Rothamsted Research Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom M.S. Bullock Holly Hybrids Sheridan, Wyoming, United States B.J. Cade-Menun Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences Stanford University Stanford, California, United States C.A. Campbell Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada J. Caron Department of Soils and Agrifood Engineering Laval University Quebec, Quebec, Canada M.R. Carter Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island Canada Martin H. Chantigny Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Quebec, Quebec, Canada M.J. Clapperton Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada F.J. Cook Land and Water Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia F. Courchesne Department of Geography University of Montreal Montreal, Quebec, Canada H.P. Cresswell Land and Water Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Canberra, Australian Capital Territory Australia J.A. Crumbaugh Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada Edmonton, Alberta, Canada J.L.B. Culley Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada M.P. Curran British Columbia Ministry of Forests Nelson, British Columbia, Canada Denis Curtin New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Christchurch, New Zealand Y. Dalpe�� Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Pauline Defossez�� French National Institute for Agricultural Research Laon, France J.R. de Freitas Department of Soil Science University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada C.F. Drury Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Harrow, Ontario, Canada K.E. Dunfield Department of Land Resource Science University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario, Canada �� 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

M. Duquette SNC-Lavalin Montreal, Quebec, Canada B.H. Ellert Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada J.A. Elliott Environment Canada Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada D.E. Elrick Department of Land Resource Science University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario, Canada R.E. Farrell Department of Soil Science University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Ty P.A. Ferre �� Department of Hydrology and Water Resources University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, United States C.T. Figueiredo Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T.A. Forge Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada C.A. Fox Department of Renewable Resources Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Harrow, Ontario, Canada J.J. Germida Department of Soil Science University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Tee Boon Goh Department of Soil Science University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada C.D. Grant School of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Adelaide Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia E.G. Gregorich Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada M. Grimmett Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island Canada P.H. Groenevelt Department of Land Resource Science University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario, Canada Umesh C. Gupta Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island Canada C. Hamel Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada X. Hao Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada S.C. Hart School of Forestry and Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research Northern Arizona University Flagstaff, Arizona, United States A. Hartmann National Institute of Agronomic Research Dijon, France W.H. Hendershot Department of Renewable Resources McGill University Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada Ganga M. Hettiarachchi School of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Adelaide Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia �� 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

D.W. Hopkins Scottish Crop Research Institute Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom H.H. Janzen Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada R.G. Kachanoski Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Klaus Kaiser Soil Sciences Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany Karsten Kalbitz Soil Ecology University of Bayreuth Bayreuth, Germany Y.P. Kalra Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada Edmonton, Alberta, Canada A. Karam Department of Soils and Agrifood Engineering Laval University Quebec, Quebec, Canada Thomas Keller Department of Soil Sciences Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala, Sweden J. Kimpinski Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island Canada Peter J.A. Kleinman Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Center U.S. Department of Agriculture University Park, Pennsylvania United States C.G. Kowalenko Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada D. Kroetsch Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada H. Lalande Department of Renewable Resources McGill University Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada David R. Lapen Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada F.J. Larney Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada R. Lessard Environmental Division Bodycote Testing Group Edmonton, Alberta, Canada B.C. Liang Environment Canada Gatineau, Quebec, Canada N.J. Livingston Department of Biology University of Victoria Victoria, British Columbia, Canada D.H. Lynn Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario, Canada J.D. MacDonald Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Quebec, Quebec, Canada D.G. Maynard Pacific Forestry Centre Natural Resources Canada Victoria, British Columbia, Canada �� 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

R.A. McBride Department of Land Resource Science University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario, Canada W.B. McGill College of Science and Management University of Northern British Columbia Prince George, British Columbia Canada G.R. Mehuys Department of Renewable Resources McGill University Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada A.R. Mermut Department of Soil Science University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada J.C. Michel INH���INRA���University of Angers Angers, France Jim J. Miller Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada J.O. Moir Department of Soil Science University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada D.D. Myrold Department of Crop and Soil Science Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon, United States R. Naasz Department of Soils and Agrifood Engineering Laval University Quebec, Quebec, Canada I.P. O���Halloran University of Guelph Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada D.C. Olk U.S. Department of Agriculture Agriculture Research Service National Soil Tilth Laboratory Ames, Iowa, United States D. Pare�� Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service Quebec, Quebec, Canada L.E. Parent Department of Soils and Agrifood Engineering Laval University Quebec, Quebec, Canada G.W. Parkin Department of Land Resource Science University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario, Canada G.T. Patterson Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada Dan Pennock Department of Soil Science University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Caroline Preston Pacific Forestry Centre Natural Resources Canada Victoria, British Columbia, Canada D. Prevost�� Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Quebec, Quebec, Canada P. Qian Department of Soil Science University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada D. Reyes Department of Renewable Resources McGill University Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada �� 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

W.D. Reynolds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Harrow, Ontario, Canada Guy Richard French National Institute for Agricultural Research Olivet, France Philippe Rochette Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Quebec, Quebec, Canada L. Rock Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada P.M. Rutherford College of Science and Management University of Northern British Columbia Prince George, British Columbia, Canada S. Sauve�� Department of Chemistry University of Montreal Montreal, Quebec, Canada J.J. Schoenau Department of Soil Science University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Andrew N. Sharpley Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences University of Arkansas Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States S.C. Sheppard ECOMatters Inc. W.B. Lewis Business Centre Pinawa, Manitoba, Canada B.C. Si Department of Soil Science University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Myrna J. Simpson Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada J.O. Skjemstad Land and Water Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia J.L. Smith U.S. Department of Agriculture Agriculture Research Service Washington State University Pullman, Washington, United States Y.K. Soon Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Beaverlodge, Alberta, Canada P. St-Georges Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada C. Swyngedouw Environmental Division Bodycote Testing Group Calgary, Alberta, Canada M. Tenuta Department of Soil Science University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Y.-C. Tien Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada London, Ontario, Canada H. Tiessen Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research Sao Jose dos Campos Sao Paulo, Brazil E. Topp Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada London, Ontario, Canada G. Clarke Topp Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada T. Sen Tran Institute of Research and Development in Agroenvironment Quebec, Quebec, Canada �� 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

M.-C. Turmel Department of Geography University of Montreal Montreal, Quebec, Canada A.J. VandenBygaart Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Ken C.J. Van Rees Department of Soil Science University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada R.P. Voroney Department of Land Resource Science University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario, Canada C. Wang Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Jennifer L. Weld Department of Crop and Soil Sciences The Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania, United States G. Wen Lemington, Ontario, Canada O.O.B. Wendroth Department of Plant and Soil Sciences University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky, United States J.P. Winter Nova Scotia Agricultural College Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada N. Wypler Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research Institute for Soil Landscape Research Muncheberg, �� Germany X.M. Yang Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Harrow, Ontario, Canada Thomas Yates Department of Soil Science University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada N. Ziadi Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Quebec, Quebec, Canada �� 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.