Spanner is Google's scalable, multi-version, globally-distributed, and synchronously-replicated database. It is the first system to distribute data at global scale and support externally-consistent distributed transactions. This paper describes how Spanner is structured, its feature set, the rationale underlying various design decisions, and a novel time API that exposes clock uncertainty. This API and its implementation are critical to supporting external consistency and a variety of powerful features: non-blocking reads in the past, lock-free read-only transactions, and atomic schema changes, across all of Spanner.
CITATION STYLE
Corbett, J. C., Dean, J., Epstein, M., Fikes, A., Frost, C., Furman, J. J., … Woodford, D. (2012). Spanner: Google’s globally-distributed database. In Proceedings of the 10th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, OSDI 2012 (pp. 251–264). USENIX Association.
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