Forecasting is a central goal of volcanology. Intensive monitoring of recent eruptions has generated integrated time-series of data, which have resulted in several successful examples of warnings being issued on impending eruptions. Ability to…
Volcanism
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6,181 papers
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Dome growth at the Soufriere Hills volcano (1996 to 1998) was frequently accompanied by repetitive cycles of earthquakes, ground deformation, degassing, and explosive eruptions. The cycles reflected unsteady conduit flow of volatile-charged magma…
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The style and evolution of volcanic eruptions are dictated by the fluid mechanics governing magma ascent. Decompression during ascent causes dissolved volatile species, such as water and carbon dioxide, to exsolve from the melt to form bubbles, thus…
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Fragmentation of porous magma that is subject to gas overpressure is considered to be a crucial process in the generation of explosive volcanic eruptions. A decompressive event (e.g., rapid magma ascent, landslide, dome collapse) disrupts the stress…
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Silicic volcanism seems chaotic: the styles, magnitudes, and/or timing of successive eruptions may be without apparent pattern, or patterns may merge, fade, or abruptly change. However, geophysical monitoring of recent eruptions shows that some…
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A model for the generation of intermediate and silicic igneous rocks is presented, based on experimental data and numerical modelling. The model is directed at subduction-related magmatism, but has general applicability to magmas generated in other…
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Many volcanic eruptions show transitions between extrusive and explosive behaviour. We develop a new generic model that considers concurrence between pressure buildup in the bubbles due to the viscous resistance to their growth and gas escape…
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The viscosity of silicate melts controls magma transport dynamics, eruption style and rates of physicochemical processes (e.g., degassing, crystallization) in natural magmas. Thus a comprehensive viscosity model for magmatic liquids has long been a…
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The viability of populations is a central concern of biological conservation The occurrence of catastrophic die-offs may greatly reduce the long-term viability of populations. Theoretical extinction models and viability analyses require information…
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Textures in an exceptionally preserved effusive rhyolite conduit at TorfajoÂkull, Iceland, indicate that rising magma repeatedly fractured and healed at shallow levels in the conduit (RFH process). Anastomosing tuffisite veins filled by fine-grained…
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We explore physical mechanisms controlling formation of a confining conduit plug using 1D, steady-state numerical models of magma ascent. Model results for the well-documented 1997 Vulcanian explosions at Soufrière Hills volcano were compared…
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An improved empirical method for the plotting of field data and the calculation of tephra fall volumes is presented. The widely used area plots of ln(thickness) against ln(isopach area) are curved, implying an exponential thinning law. Use of…
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In response to rapid decompression, porous magma may fragment explosively. This occurs when the melt can no longer withstand forces exerted upon it due to the overpressure in included bubbles. This occurs at a critical pressure difference between…
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It is proposed that fault textures in two dissected rhyolitic conduits in Iceland preserve evidence for shallow seismogenic faulting within rising magma during the emplacement of highly viscous lava flows. Detailed field and petrographic analysis of…
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High total and fluid pressures develop in the interior of high-viscosity lava domes and in the uppermost parts of the feeding conduit system as a consequence of degassing. Two effects are recognised and are modelled quantitatively. First, large…
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Although the magmatic output of arc volcanoes defines clear chemical trends, the compositional sequence of eruption is often chaotic. At best, support for the concept of progressive evolution by fractionation/assimilation in a central chamber is…
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Explosive eruptions are the most powerful and destructive type of volcanic activity. These eruptions are characterized by magma fragmentation, the process through which a bubbly or foamy magma is transformed into a gaspyroclast dispersion1. Although…
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Well-preserved tephra fall deposits display thickness variations which are more complex than simple exponential thinning. On plots of log thickness against square root of area enclosed by an isopach contour, many deposits show two or more…
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The rates of passive degassing from volcanoes are investigated by modelling the convective overturn of dense degassed and less dense gas-rich magmas in a vertical conduit linking a shallow degassing zone with a deep magma chamber. Laboratory…
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