The diagnosis of COPD can easily be made on the basis of history, physical findings, and simple laboratory procedures. Treatment is aimed at symptoms and is individualized to the patient's needs. Therapy must be given on a long-term basis. The…
Respiratory and Pulmonary
In this subdiscipline:
42,842 papers
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains a major public health problem. It is the fourth leading cause of chronic morbidity and mortality in the United States, and is projected to rank fifth in 2020 in burden of disease worldwide,…
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BACKGROUND: Long-acting beta-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids are used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but their effect on survival is unknown. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial comparing salmeterol at…
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Increasing evidence indicates that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex disease involving more than airflow obstruction. Airflow obstruction has profound effects on cardiac function and gas exchange with systemic consequences.…
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RATIONALE: Understanding normal lung development and aging in health and disease, both in men and in women, is essential to interpreting any therapeutic intervention. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to describe lung function changes in healthy never-smoking…
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Patients that require positive pressure ventilation to maintain sufficient alveolar ventilation or pulmonary gas exchange may eventually reach a point in the course of their care wherein mechanical ventilation is no longer necessary. This process of…
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Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is caused by functional and structural changes in the pulmonary vasculature, leading to increased pulmonary vascular resistance. The process of pulmonary vascular remodeling is accompanied by endothelial…
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With increases in the immunocompromised patient population and aging of the HIV+ population, the risk of serious fungal infections and their complications will continue to rise. In these populations, infection with the fungal opportunistic pathogen…
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Background: Although we know that exacerbations are key events in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), our understanding of their frequency, determinants, and effects is incomplete. In a large observational cohort, we tested the hypothesis…
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There is increasing evidence for a close relationship between aging and chronic inflammatory diseases. COPD is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs, which progresses very slowly and the majority of patients are therefore elderly. We here…
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This section is written to provide guidance in interpreting pulmonary function tests (PFTs) to medical directors of hospital-based laboratories that perform PFTs, and physicians who are responsible for interpreting the results of PFTs most commonly…
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OBJECTIVE: To provide an update to the original Surviving Sepsis Campaign clinical management guidelines, "Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock," published in 2004. DESIGN: Modified Delphi method with…
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Rationale: Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography is recommended for screening for the presence of pulmonary hypertension (PH). However, some recent studies have suggested that Doppler echocardiographic pulmonary artery pressure estimates may…
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The minimum evaluation of a patient suspected of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) lung disease should include the following: (1) chest radiograph or, in the absence of cavitation, chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan; (2) three or…
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Long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) is indicated in stage-IV COPD. It increases survival when used 24h/24, ideally, and at least 15h/24. There is no indication for prescribing nocturnal oxygen therapy without de LTOT. Ambulatory oxygen therapy is…
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