Approaches for hyperspectral remote flux quantification and visualization of GHGs in the environment

Abstract

Methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are two very potent greenhouse gases, with highly heterogeneous distributions in both space and time. Mapping hot-spots and source areas, and measuring fluxes in different environments has so far not been possible on a local scale using direct measurements. We have developed a method for simultaneous mapping of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), also including water vapor (H2O), using ground-based remote sensing on a landscape-sized scale by utilizing Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometers (IFTS) with high spectral resolution and imaging rates. The approach uses calculated libraries of transmission spectra at the spectroscopic resolutions of the IFTS, based on the HITRAN database of spectroscopic lines and our own line-by-line radiative transfer model (LBLRTM). For each species, 1024 spectra have been made, resulting in 10243 combinations of column densities. Using an adaptive grid, solutions are found for each line of sight at a spectral resolution of up to 0.25 cm− 1 using the full spectral region of the detector. The modeling is multi-layered, calculating temperatures of the background, air, and any additional gas layers, also accounting for reflected cold sky. Background distances can be mapped from the amount of water vapor in each line of sight. The described approach can be used to identify sources, quantify gas distributions, and to calculate fluxes. Visualizations can produce gas distribution images, as well as air motion videos, which are used to map fluxes using the same data set, without the need for additional instruments for wind measurements.