Atomic force microscopy for analyzing metaphase chromosomes: Comparison of AFM images with fluorescence labeling images of banding patterns

Abstract

The combined use of fluorescence microscopy with atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been introduced to analyze the replication-banding patterns of human chromosomes. Human lymphocytes synchronized with excess thymidine are treated with 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EdU) during the late S phase. EdUlabeled DNA is detected in metaphase chromosomes using Alexa Fluor 488® azide, through the 1,3- dipolar cycloaddition reaction of organic azides with the terminal acetylene group of EdU. Chromosomes with EdU incorporated during the late S phase show a banding pattern similar to the G-banding pattern of normal human chromosomes. The comparison between the fl uorescence and AFM image of the same chromosome indicates the presence of ridges and grooves in the chromatid arms, which correspond to G-positive and G-negative bands, respectively. This technique of EdU-labeled replication bands combined with AFM is useful to analyze the structure of chromosomes in relation to the banding pattern.