Automatic/control processing and attention

  • Dumais S
  • Shiffrin R
  • Schneider W
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Abstract

Human performance in almost any cognitive or motor skill shows profound changes with practice. Consider the changes that occur while learning to type, play a musical instrument, read, or play tennis. At first, effort and attention must be devoted to each movement or minor decision, and performance is slow and error prone. Eventually long sequences of movements or cognitive acts are carried out with little attention, and performance is quite rapid and accurate. For example, the beginning reader may need a few seconds to encode each new letter, and still may be error prone, whereas the expert can accurately encode 25 letters per second and still have sufficient capacity available to encode the material semantically as well. The striking changes that occur with practice have lead many researchers to propose that qualitative changes occur in the processing (e.g., James, 1890; LaBerge, 1975; Posner & Snyder, 1975; Shiffrin & Schneider, 1977). The

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Dumais, S. T., Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1982). Automatic/control processing and attention. Varieties of Attention, 1–27.

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