The brain-machine interface (BMI): A novel neurotechnology

Abstract

The “brain-machine interface (BMI)” is a novel neurotechnology based on the artificial direct communication pathway between the brain and an external device, aiming to compensate for the defective neural function. It may be classified into two types: (1) a “motor BMI” which decodes the brain’s signals to operate external devices and (2) a “sensory BMI” which converts electric signals obtained from the external sensor device to create sensory function by stimulating the appropriate area of the brain. An example of a motor BMI under development at Osaka University is described, in which the motor intension of the ALS patient is identified by deciphering (decoding) the electrocorticogram (ECoG) to operate a cursor on a computer display or to control a robotic arm by the patient’s thoughts alone. This paper introduces the state of the art of current BMI research, and discusses the future of this novel neurotechnology.