Comparison of three models of avalanche dynamics

Abstract

Results and characteristics of three models for estimating avalanche flow speeds, flow heights, and run-out distances are compared: 1) Voellmy-Salm equation used with the traditional release, track, and run-out segmentation method; 2) Voellmy-Salm differential equation solved numerically along longitudinal profiles of avalanche paths, combined with modified assumptions for the flow in the run-out zone; 3) a granular-flow model introduced by Salm and Gubler. Within the limits of the accuracy of the field observations, all models are able to predict run-out distances correctly, at least for large avalanches, but the Voellmy-Salm type models significantly underestimate flow speeds. -from Author