Crocodile attacks in the Northern Territory of Australia

Abstract

Objective: To examine crocodile attacks in the Northern Territory with particular reference to risk factors, range of injuries, microorganisms isolated from wounds, and surgical management; and to make recommendations for optimal treatment. Design and setting: The case notes of patients treated at the Royal Darwin Hospital within the last decade were reviewed retrospectively. Autopsy and newspaper reports for the same period were also reviewed. Results: There were 16 reported crocodile attacks in Northern Territory waters from June 1981 to June 1991. Four of these were fatal. Most attacks resulted from swimming or wading in shallow water (13/16). Half the victims were known to be affected by alcohol. The majority of attacks occurred in failing light or at night (10/16). Injuries in survivors ranged from minor lacerations and puncture wounds to major abdominal, chest and limb trauma. Death in fatal attacks was caused by transection of the torso or decapitation. Microorganisms isolated from wound swabs included Pseudomonas, Enterococus, Aeromonas and Clostridium species. Conclusions: Most attacks in this series could have been prevented by taking adequate precautions. The treatment of crocodile injuries must include (i) adequate wound cultures, (ii) antitetanus prophylaxis, (iii) meticulous wound debridement, (iv) appropriate broad spectrum prophylactic antibiotics and (v) allowing healing by secondary intention or delayed primary closure where appropriate.