Cryogenic instrumentation

Abstract

This paper reviews the types of instrumentation used for many measurements at cryogenic temperature (T<120 K). The measurements considered are those for temperature, strain, pressure, flow magnetic field, and liquid level. Both static and dynamic measurements are considered where appropriate. Various sensors for a particular type of measurements are compared to aid in the selection of the optimum type of sensor. Stability, interchangeability, and effects of magnetic field on various sensors are given. Modifications of commercially available sensors to make them useful for cryogenic temperatures are discussed along with the necessary calibration procedures that must be followed to provide accurate measurements at cryogenic temperatures.