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Defining Insight for Visual Analytics

by R Chang, C Ziemkiewicz, T M Green, W Ribarsky
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications (2009)

Abstract

Many have argued that providing insight is the main goal of information visualization. Stuart Card, Jock Mackinlay, and Ben Shneiderman declare that "the purpose of visualization is insight, while Jim Thomas and Kris Cook propose in Illuminating the Path that the purpose of visual analytics is to enable and discover insight. The idea that visualization should lead to insight seems logical, but researchers in the community have been slow to build on the concept because insight is difficult to define. As Ji Soo Yi and his colleagues point out, although a few definitions of insight exist, no commonly accepted definition has emerged in the community.

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Defining Insight for Visual Analytics

Defining Insight for Visual Analytics 
Remco Chang
Caroline Ziemkiewicz
Tera Marie Green
William Ribarsky
 
UNC Charlotte 
Viscenter 

1 INTRODUCTION 
Many have argued that providing insight is the main goal of information visualization. Card, Mackinlay, 
and Shneiderman declare that “the purpose of visualization is insight [3],” while Thomas and Cook 
propose in Illuminating the Path that the purpose of visual analytics is to enable and discover insight 
[10]. The idea that visualization should lead to insight seems logical, but researchers in the community 
have been slow to build on the concept because it is difficult to define what insight is [7, 8, 9, 11]. As Yi 
et al. point out [11], although a few definitions of insight exist, no commonly accepted definition has 
emerged in the community. 
Interestingly, the visualization community is not the only one investigating insight. For the past two 
decades, researchers in cognitive neuroscience have been studying their own version of insight by 
examining neural activity. In their discipline, insight is a less ambiguous term. It specifically refers to 
what is commonly called an “a‐ha” or “eureka” moment [5]. In fact, it is now possible to observe and 
identify when someone is having such a moment by examining their neural activity. 
It is clear that the scope of definitions of insight in the visualization community differs from that of the 
cognitive community.  It appears that the visualization definitions of insight are generally broader but 
more vague than those in cognitive science. For example, North categorizes insight to be “complex, 
deep, qualitative, unexpected, and relevant” [7], which overlaps with the neurological definition. 
However, he also defines insight as “an individual observation about the data by the participant, a unit 
of discovery” [9], which does not bear any clear relation to the strict “a‐ha moment” of cognitive 
science. Instead, it implies a focus on knowledge‐building not found in the cognitive definition. 
We suggest that what the visualization community defines as insight actually has two parallel meanings: 
(1) a term equivalent to the cognitive science definition of insight as a moment of enlightenment, and 
(2) a broader term to mean an advance in knowledge or a piece of information. We argue that for 
information visualization and visual analytics to provide and enable insight, both definitions need to be 
considered. But we must clarify and distinguish these definitions in order to develop methods to 
measure insight and evaluate visualizations. 

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