Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 4 is a recognized species in the genus Ampelovirus, family Closteroviridae, which comprises several genetically diverse variants denominated GLRaV-4 strains 4, 5, 6, 9, De, Car, Pr, and Ob. They are collectively referred to as "grapevine leafroll-associated virus 4-like viruses" (or GLRaV- 4LVs). These viruses have been found associated with leafroll disease of grapevine, their sole host known to date. They are characterized by flexuous virions up to 1800 nm in length and a genome made up of a non-polyadenylated, single-stranded, positivesense RNA molecule of 13.6-13.8 kb in size, depending on the particular strain/ molecular variant. In spite of considerable differences in nucleotide content between molecular variants, the genome of all GLRaV-4LVs consists of seven open reading frames (ORFs), flanked by relatively short 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs), respectively, that encodes six proteins (in the 5-3' direction): the replication-associated polyprotein (expressed via +1 ribosomal frameshift of two partially overlapping ORFs), a small hydrophobic protein (p5), the HSP70 homologue (HSP70h), the 60K protein (p60), the viral coat protein (CP), and a protein of unknown function with a molecular mass of 23K (p23). GLRaV-4LVs are phloem-limited, nonmechanically transmissible, and distributed worldwide. Several mealybug and soft scale insect species mediate their short distance spread, while long-distance dissemination occurs primarily through infected propagating material.
CITATION STYLE
Aboughanem-Sabanadzovic, N., Maliogka, V., & Sabanadzovic, S. (2017). Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 4. In Grapevine Viruses: Molecular Biology, Diagnostics and Management (pp. 197–220). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57706-7_9
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