Identity, social status, privacy and face-keeping in digital society
- ISSN: 05390184
- DOI: 10.1177/0539018408092575
Abstract
Digitization of society raises concerns about privacy. This article first describes privacy threats of life-logging. It gives the technically novice reader a quick overview of what information and communication technology (ICT) is currently preparing for society, based on state-of-the art research in the industry laboratories: ubiquitous computing, aware environments, the Internet of Things, and so on. We explain how geolocation systems work and how they can provide detailed accounts of personal activity that will deeply affect privacy. At present, system designers rarely implement privacy-enhancing technologies - we explain why, based on empirical research. On the other hand, users, while expressing concern, do not protect themselves in practice - we list reasons for this. The problem is complex because the very nature of identity and social relations works against protecting personal data; this is the privacy dilemma. At least two key mechanisms in the production of good interaction and in the construction of social status are based on personal data disclosure. Then we discuss the nature of privacy, based on field observation. Privacy loss can be seen as `losing face'. We detail this notion, based on a discussion of the notion of face, and especially the Asian social construct of `Chemyon'. We then propose a new, positive, definition of privacy as `keeping face'. This positive notion can be used to build constructive guidelines for enhancing privacy in systems design, compatible with the way designers perceive their role. These guidelines are presented in an annex, after a short conclusion that advocates a constructive - perhaps risky - role for social science in the construction of future information and communication technology. 1
Identity, social status, privacy and face-keeping in digital society
Numéro spécial: Technologies cognitives
Saadi Lahlou
Identity, social status, privacy and face-keeping
in digital society
Abstract. Digitization of society raises concerns about privacy. This article first describes
privacy threats of life-logging. It gives the technically novice reader a quick overview of
what information and communication technology (ICT) is currently preparing for society,
based on state-of-the art research in the industry laboratories: ubiquitous computing, aware
environments, the Internet of things, and so on. We explain how geolocation systems work
and how they can provide detailed accounts of personal activity that will deeply affect
privacy. At present, system designers rarely implement privacy-enhancing technologies – we
explain why, based on empirical research. On the other hand, users, while expressing
concern, do not protect themselves in practice – we list reasons for this. The problem is
complex because the very nature of identity and social relations works against protecting
personal data; this is the privacy dilemma. At least two key mechanisms in the production
of good interaction and in the construction of social status are based on personal data
disclosure. Then we discuss the nature of privacy, based on field observation. Privacy loss
can be seen as ‘losing face’. We detail this notion, based on a discussion of the notion of face,
and especially the Asian social construct of ‘Chemyon’. We then propose a new, positive,
definition of privacy as ‘keeping face’. This positive notion can be used to build constructive
guidelines for enhancing privacy in systems design, compatible with the way designers
perceive their role. These guidelines are presented in an annex, after a short conclusion that
advocates a constructive – perhaps risky – role for social science in the construction of future
information and communication technology.1
Key words. Avatar – Biometrics – Chemyon – Data mining – Face – Geolocation – ICT –
Life-logging – Persona – PlaceEngine – Profiling – Privacy Enhancing Technology –
Pseudonym – Security – Sensors – Tracking – Ubiquitous computing
Social Science Information © SAGE Publications 2008 (Los Angeles, London, New Delhi and
Singapore), 0539–0184
DOI: 10.1177/0539018408092575 Vol 47(3), pp. 299–330; 092575
04-092575-Lahlou.qxd 7/21/2008 4:56 PM Page 299
Résumé. La numérisation de la société soulève des inquiétudes concernant la vie privée. Cet
article décrit d’abord les menaces que fait peser le traçage continu des actions permis par
l’informatique ubiquitaire. Il donne au lecteur techniquement novice un aperçu de ce que les
Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication (TIC) sont en train de préparer pour
notre société dans les laboratoires de recherche: informatique ubiquitaire, environnements
augmentés et ‘conscients’, Internet des Objets, etc. A titre d’exemple, nous expliquons comment
les systèmes de géo-localisation fonctionnent, et comment ils peuvent produire un compte rendu
détaillé et invasif de l’activité des individus. Or, actuellement, les concepteurs de tels systèmes
ne mettent pas en place de garde-fous techniques – nous en listons les raisons. De leur côté,
les utilisateurs, bien qu’exprimant de l’inquiétude, négligent en pratique de se protéger. Nous
expliquons pourquoi: il s’avère que la nature même de l’identité et des relations sociales va à
l’encontre de la protection des données personnelles. C’est le dilemme de la ‘privacy’ (respect de
la vie privée): au moins deux mécanismes clés dans la production d’une bonne interaction et
dans la construction du statut social sont précisément fondés sur la divulgation des données
personnelles. Nous discutons ensuite de la nature de la ‘privacy’, en nous fondant sur des
observations de terrain. Nous montrons comment une atteinte à la ‘privacy’ peut être
considérée comme une perte de ‘face’. Nous discutons cette approche, à partir de la notion de
face, en particulier de sa version asiatique (‘Chemyon’). Nous proposons ensuite une nouvelle
définition, constructive, de la ‘privacy’ comme ‘maintien de la face’. Cette approche positive
est utilisée pour proposer des principes de conception de systèmes informatiques respectueux de
la ‘privacy’, destinés aux concepteurs et compatibles avec l’ethos du métier. Ces principes de
conception sont présentés in extenso en annexe, après une courte conclusion qui prône une
attitude constructive et engagée des sciences sociales dans le développement des TIC.
Mots-clés. Avatar – Biométrie – Capteurs – Chemyon – Environnements augmentés – Face –
Fouille de données – Géolocalisation – Informatique pervasive – Life-logging – Persona –
PlaceEngine – Profilage – Pseudonyme – Securité – Technologies sauvegardant la vie privée –
TIC – Traçage
1. Privacy issues in the digitized society
People are concerned about privacy; they are afraid that the digital systems
they use on an everyday basis may bring unwanted effects into their lives.
We all know we can be tracked through our mobile phones, that our email
can be intercepted, that data we leave on the Internet may be used to spam
us, or even worse. Such concerns are legitimate: this section shows how the
combination of information and communication technologies (ICT) and
pervasive computing will soon enable continuous monitoring of individual
activity, even beyond what science fiction imagined.
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