Influence of Soil Conditions on Ground Motions During Earthquakes

Abstract

The Dead Sea (DS) coastal areas have been dramatically affected by sinkhole formation since around 1990. Such sinkholes along both Israeli and Jordanian shores are linked to karst cavities that form through slow salt dissolution. A quantitative estimate of such in-situ salt karstification would be an important indicator of sinkhole hazard. One of the indications of salt karstification is its increased hydraulic conductivity, caused by the development of dissolution cavities forming conducting channels within the salt layer. We measured the hydraulic conductivity (K) versus shear-wave velocity (Vs) of DS salt in situ for estimating the actual salt karstification in areas of sinkhole development. These parameters were measured with the Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS) and Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) methods, respectively. Understanding of the field relationships was augmented by similar inter-relations obtained in the laboratory on samples of DS salt. In-situ salt velocities Vs vary from 750m/s to over 1650m/s, while hydraulic conductivity (K) in the same zones varies between about 10-4m/s to slightly over 10-8m/s. Both field and laboratory K and Vs values fit the exponential function ln(K)=-0.0045*Vs-5.416 with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.88. A classification based on Vs and K was generated for salt conditions and the corresponding degrees of sinkhole hazard, which was verified in the Mineral Beach sinkhole development area. The mapping of sinkhole sites shows that they form within highly conductive zones with K≥5.5*10-5. It is suggested that this methodology, with some modification, can be used for evaluating the conductive properties of karstified rock and associated sinkhole hazards. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.