Instrumental colourant formulation, Volume 2: Visual measurement of colour, colour comparison and management

Abstract

Colour and appearance perceptions are very complex psychological phenomena. Written by one of the foremost authorities in the field, this major two-volume work addresses the key topics required to understand the issues and manage colour effectively. This volume addresses the visual measurement of colour, methods of comparing colours, and the management of colour in industry. Cover; Principles of colourappearance andmeasurement; Copyright; Contents; Contributor contact details; Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles; 1 Visual measures of colour; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Means of colour communication; 1.3 Colour order systems; 1.4 Colourant mixture systems; 1.5 Colour mixture systems; 1.6 Colour appearance systems; 1.7 Advantages and limitations of colour order systems; 1.8 Conclusion; 1.9 References; 2 Popular colour order systems; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Munsell system; 2.3 Natural Colour System (NCS); 2.4 Ostwald system; 2.5 OSA-UCS system; 2.6 Coloroid system. 2.7 Comparison and interrelation of various systems2.8 Accuracy of colour order systems; 2.9 Computer-based colour systems; 2.10 Future trends; 2.11 Conclusion; 2.12 References; 3 Colour-difference assessment; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Parameters affecting visual evaluation; 3.3 Perceptibility and acceptability; 3.4 Visual methods of assessment; 3.5 Colour tolerance; 3.6 Colour discrimination data; 3.7 Ellipses and ellipsoids of colour discrimination; 3.8 Derivation of colour-difference formulae; 3.9 Existing colour-difference formulae; 3.10 Colour tolerance in various systems. 3.11 Evaluation of the colour-difference formulae3.12 Future trends; 3.13 Conclusion; 3.14 References; 4 Instrumental colourant formulation; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Defining colour matching; 4.3 Laws of mixing; 4.4 Kubelka and Munk (K-M) theory; 4.5 Limitations of K-M theory; 4.6 Additive functions; 4.7 Single-constant theory; 4.8 Two-constant theory; 4.9 Beyond K-M theory; 4.10 Instrumental colourant formulation; 4.11 Algorithm for single-constant theory; 4.12 Algorithm for two-constant theory; 4.13 Reformulation program; 4.14 Computer programming; 4.15 Spectral colour matching. 4.16 Colour matching of blends4.17 Principal component analysis (PCA); 4.18 Advantages and limitations of instrumental colourant formulation; 4.19 Causes of low accuracy in textile dyeing; 4.20 Causes of low accuracy in paints and plastics; 4.21 Match prediction using fluorescent colourants; 4.22 Conclusion; 4.23 References; 5 Metamerism and shade sorting; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Defining metamerism; 5.3 Types of metamerism; 5.4 Numerical methods of generating metamers; 5.5 Metamerism and object-colour solid; 5.6 Wavelengths of intersections; 5.7 Control of metamerism. 5.8 Visual measurement of metamerism5.9 Metamerism indices; 5.10 Illuminant metamerism potentiality (IMP); 5.11 Spectral decomposition by Matrix R; 5.12 Colour constancy and metamerism; 5.13 Performance of metameric indices; 5.14 Instrumental shade sorting; 5.15 Conclusion; 5.16 References; 6 Chromatic adaptation and colour constancy; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Adaptation; 6.3 Physiological basis of chromatic adaptation; 6.4 Measurement methods; 6.5 Chromatic adaptation theory; 6.6 Non-linear models; 6.7 Nayatani's model; 6.8 Hunt's models for chromatic adaptation; 6.9 CIECAM97s model.