Mobile HolstenTour: contextualized multimedia museum guide
- ISBN: 9781605582696
- DOI: 10.1145/1497185.1497283
Abstract
Modern museums provide visitors with mobile, context-aware information and guidance systems. Unfortunately, these systems often suffer from several technological drawbacks: expensive infrastructure, complex maintenance and content modification, difficult to learn user interfaces, manual location specification requirements, etc. Visitors have to rent, learn, carry and return yet another mobile device. On the other hand, most modern nomadics already own high-performance mobile devices: smart-phones. But acceptance to install museum software on a personal device is rather limited. In this paper, a novel mobile, context-aware museum information system is introduced that runs on the visitors' mobile phones without any prior installation. We outline the technical principles of the underlying Medient infrastructure and present HolstenTour as an example service instantiation for the famous Museum Holstentor in Luebeck, Germany.
Mobile HolstenTour: contextualized multimedia museum guide
0"+*&1*-2%$3&4'!-%*$5&4$2'!-)&-5'6-$4&'
!"#$"%&'(&)"*%+,%-.&
&
&
/"%01&203*014&
5"%(+#&6"%3-1074&
6"%-8/("%"&9:"4&
&
& &
;30<0&;30-14&
=,+&>$,4&
'1?%0"#&;@$%"?0%4&
&
!"#$%!&$!
"#$%&'! ()*%)(*! +&#,-$%! ,-*-.#&*! /-.0! (#1-2%3! 4#'.%5.67/7&%!
-'8#&(7.-#'! 7'$! 9)-$7'4%! *:*.%(*;!<'8#&.)'7.%2:3! .0%*%! *:*.%(*!
#8.%'! *)88%&! 8&#(! *%,%&72! .%40'#2#9-472! $&7/174=*>! %5+%'*-,%!
-'8&7*.&)4.)&%3! 4#(+2%5! (7-'.%'7'4%! 7'$! 4#'.%'.! (#$-8-47.-#'3!
$-88-4)2.! .#! 2%7&'! )*%&! -'.%&874%*3! (7')72! 2#47.-#'! *+%4-8-47.-#'!
&%?)-&%(%'.*3!%.4;!@-*-.#&*!07,%!.#!&%'.3!2%7&'3!47&&:!7'$!&%.)&'!:%.!
7'#.0%&!(#1-2%!$%,-4%;!A'!.0%!#.0%&!07'$3!(#*.!(#$%&'!'#(7$-4*!
72&%7$:!#/'!0-906+%&8#&(7'4%!(#1-2%!$%,-4%*>!*(7&.6+0#'%*;!B).!
744%+.7'4%! .#! -'*.722! ()*%)(! *#8./7&%! #'! 7! +%&*#'72! $%,-4%! -*!
&7.0%&! 2-(-.%$;! C'! .0-*! +7+%&3! 7! '#,%2! (#1-2%3! 4#'.%5.67/7&%!
()*%)(! -'8#&(7.-#'! *:*.%(! -*! -'.&#$)4%$! .07.! &)'*! #'! .0%!
,-*-.#&*D!(#1-2%!+0#'%*!/-.0#).!7':!+&-#&!-'*.7227.-#';!E%!#).2-'%!
.0%! .%40'-472! +&-'4-+2%*! #8! .0%! )'$%&2:-'9!"%$-%'.! -'8&7*.&)4.)&%!
7'$! +&%*%'.!F#2*.%'G#)&! 7*! 7'! %57(+2%! *%&,-4%! -'*.7'.-7.-#'! 8#&!
.0%!87(#)*!")*%)(!F#2*.%'.#&!-'!H)%1%4=3!I%&(7':;!
&'()*+,-)./'01/#234)5(/6).5,-7(+,.!
F;J;(!K809+,:'(-+0/#;.():.L>!"-*4%227'%#)*!
<)0),'=/$),:.!
"7'79%(%'.3!M5+%&-(%'.7.-#'3!F)(7'!N74.#&*;!
>);?+,1.!
O#'.%5.67/7&%'%**3!PQ753!B2)%.##.03!")*%)(3!G#)&9)-$%!
@A' 8B$%C6D&$8CB/
E-.0! .0%! 7$,7'4%(%'.*! -'! (#1-2%3! +%&,7*-,%! 7'$! )1-?)-.#)*!
4#(+).-'9! 7'$! .0%! 9&#/-'9! ')(1%&! #8! #.0%&! %$).7-'(%'.!
+#**-1-2-.-%*3!()*%)(*!7&%! 2##=-'9!8#&!/7:*! .#!4&%7.%!'%/3!(#&%!
%'979-'9! %5+%&-%'4%*! 8#&! .0%-&! ,-*-.#&*;!")*%)(*! 7&%! #'%! #8! .0%!
1%*.! %',-&#'(%'.*! .#! 7++2:! 7'$! .%*.! '%/! -'.%&74.-,%! 7++2-47.-#'*!
/-.0! (#1-2%! $%,-4%*3! *-'4%! ()*%)(! ,-*-.#&*! 47'! 1%! *%%'! 7*!
R(#1-2%!)*%&*!/-.0#).!+&%4-*%!9#72!7'$!/-.0!.0%!'%%$!8#&!4#'.%5.6
$%+%'$%'.! -'8#&(7.-#'S! KTL3! 7'$! ()*%)(*! )*)722:! 07,%! 2#.*! #8!
)')*%$!$-9-.72!-'8#&(7.-#'!7,7-2712%!KUL;!!
"#1-2%!$%,-4%*!4#)2$!1%!)*%$!.#!+&#,-$%!$-88%&%'.!.:+%*!#8!(%$-76
&-40! -'8#&(7.-#'! .#! )*%&*;! "#*.! 4)&&%'.! -(+2%(%'.7.-#'*! #88%&!
4#'.%5.6$%+%'$%'.! -'8#&(7.-#'! 17*%$! #'! 2#47.-#'! KVL3!/0-40! 47'!
1%!-$%'.-8-%$!-'!-'6$##&!()*%)(*!%-.0%&!7*!.0%!%574.!2#47.-#'!#8!7!
+%&*#'!-'!&%27.-#'!.#!7!()*%)(!%50-1-.!#&!.0%!9%'%&72!2#47.-#'!#8!
+%&*#'! -'! &%27.-#'! .#! 7! ()*%)(! &##(! KTL;! @7&-#)*! .%40'#2#9-%*!
47'! 1%! )*%$! 8#&! 2#47.-#'6.&74=-'9! *)40! 7*!B2)%.##.03! C'8&7&%$! #&!
W7$-#!N&%?)%'4:!C$%'.-8-47.-#'!XWNCYZ;![!\!
P! ')(1%&! #8! (#1-2%! ()2.-(%$-7! 7++2-47.-#'*! 8#&! ()*%)(*! 7'$!
-'8&7*.&)4.)&%*! %'712-'9! (#1-2%! ()2.-(%$-7! -'! ()*%)(*! 7&%!
-'.&#$)4%$!0%&%;!G0%!%6E722%.!+&#Q%4.!K]L!-*!7!()*%)(!.#)&!9)-$%!
.07.!7$7+.*!744#&$-'9!.#!.0%!-'$-,-$)72!-'.%&%*.*!7'$!4#'.%5.*!#8!7!
,-*-.#&! 7'$! 722#/*! 8#&! *07&-'9! ()*%)(! %5+%&-%'4%*;! C.! -*!
-(+2%(%'.%$! 7&#)'$! 7! *%(7'.-4!/%1! 8&7(%/#&=! 7'$! 7! *%(7'.-4!
/%1!&)2%!&%7*#'-'9!%'9-'%;!O#'.%5.!-*!97.0%&%$!.0&#)90!WNCY!7'$!
(#.-#'!*%'*#&*!7'$!,-*-.#&*!7&%!%?)-++%$!/-.0!7!^YP! .#! -'.%&74.!
/-.0!,7&-#)*!7++2-47.-#'*;!OA"^P__!K[`L!-*!7!.#)&-*.!7++2-47.-#'!
.07.! 7$Q)*.*! -.*! *%&,-4%*! 744#&$-'9! .#! )*%&! -'.%&%*.*! 7'$! 4)&&%'.!
4#'.%5.;!G0%!*:*.%(!-*!17*%$!#'!7!&%4#((%'$%&!*:*.%(!-'.%9&7.%$!
/-.0!7!4#'.%5.67/7&%!7++2-47.-#'!+27.8#&(;!OA"^P__!.&74=*!.0%!
2#47.-#'!#8!7!)*%&!1:!)*-'9!.0%!(#1-2%!'%./#&=!#&!I^_!.%40'#2#9:!
X#).6$##&!2#47.-#'!.&74=-'9Z;!P!42-4=712%!(7+!/-.0!)*%&D*!2#47.-#'3!
*)&&#)'$-'9! 1)-2$-'9*3! 1)$$-%*! 7'$! #.0%&! #1Q%4.*! -*! $-*+27:%$! .#!
.0%!)*%&!X#'!+%&*#'72!(#1-2%!$%,-4%Z!$%+%'$-'9!#'!0-*a0%&!+-2%!
7'$!9#72;! C'.%&74.-#'*! -'42)$%! 4722-'9!7!1)$$:3! 8-'$-'9!()*%)(*!
'%7&1:3! %.4;!"<_M! KJL! -*! 7! 8&7(%/#&=! 8#&! 1)-2$-'9! 7++2-47.-#'*!
.07.! +&#,-$%! ()2.-(%$-7! 4#'.%'.! 7'$! *%&,-4%*! .0&#)90! ()2.-+2%!
407''%2*;! G0%! +27.8#&(! -*! 4#(+&-*%$! #8! 7! ')(1%&! #8! *.7.-#'7&:!
7'$! (#1-2%! $%,-4%*3! /0-40! 7&%! 4#''%4.%$! %-.0%&! 1:! 4712%! #&!
/-&%2%**!4#''%4.-#';!P!/%7&712%!$%,-4%!4722%$!EFbWM!-*!)*%$!.#!
4#'.! #'6*-.%! *.7.-#'7&:! 7++2-47.-#'*;! EFbWM! 07*! ()2.-+2%!
*%'*#&*! .#!%'712%!4#'.%5.!97.0%&-'9! 8#&!'7,-97.-#'!7'$!+&#,-$-'9!
-'8#&(7.-#';! <*%&! 2#47.-#'! -*! $%.%4.%$! 17*%$! #'! EHPc! 744%**!
+#-'.! *-9'72*;! "#"#! KdL! -'.&#$)4%$! .0%! 4#'4%+.! #8! 0:1&-$!
()*%)(*! 6!(#1-2%! $%,-4%*! *)40! 7*! ^YP*! 7&%! $%+2#:%$! .#! *%&,%!
+%&*#'72-e%$! $-9-.72! 4#'.%'.! .#! )*%&*! -'! #&$%&! .#! %'07'4%! .0%!
%$).7-'(%'.!%5+%&-%'4%;! C'! .0-*!+&#Q%4.!7! 8)226*472%! -'8&7*.&)4.)&%!
8#&! ()*%)(*! /7*! -(+2%(%'.%$! /-.0! .0%! ;cMG! 8&7(%/#&=;!
P++2-47.-#'*!&)''-'9!#'!.0%!-'8&7*.&)4.)&%!%'712%!()*%)(!,-*-.#&*!
.#!%5+2#&%!$7.7!#'!()*%)(!-.%(*3!-'.%&74.!/-.0!#.0%&!,-*-.#&*3!%.4;!!
P2.0#)90!722!.0%*%!%57(+2%*!07,%!.%40'-4722:!,7&:-'9!7++ˤ%*3!
.0%:! 722! &%?)-&%! %-.0%&! +&%6-'*.7227.-#'! #8! &%*+%4.-,%! *#8./7&%! #'!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
[! H7'47*.%&! <'-,%&*-.:3! _#).0! Y&-,%3! H7'47*.%&! HP[! TEP! <f3!
G%2>!gTT!X`Z![J\T!J[`]hd3!1;72.7=&#)&-i4#(+;27'4*;74;)=!!
\! C_c"!j!C'.%&'7.-#'72!_40##2!#8!c%/!"%$-7!7.!.0%!<'-,%&*-.:!#8!
Hk1%4=3!W7.e%1)&9%&!P22%%![h`3!\]J]V!H)%1%4=3!I%&(7':3!G%2;!
gTU! X`Z! TJ[! J``]d\T3! M(7-2>! =$%.=%'i9(7-2;4#(! l!
47&2#*;(7&.-'%e9#(%ei9##92%(7-2;4#(! l! =27&7;#Q7i9(7-2;4#(!
l!(7-2i*.%,%6*.%-';$%!l!2)#e0)U\Vi9(7-2;4#(!!
!
^%&(-**-#'!.#!(7=%!$-9-.72!#&!07&$!4#+-%*!#8!722!#&!+7&.!#8!.0-*!/#&=!8#&!
+%&*#'72!#&!427**&##(!)*%!-*!9&7'.%$!/-.0#).!8%%!+&#,-$%$!.07.!4#+-%*!7&%!
'#.! (7$%! #&! $-*.&-1).%$! 8#&! +-.! #&! 4#((%&4-72! 7$,7'.79%! 7'$! .07.!
4#+-%*! 1%7&! .0-*! '#.-4%! 7'$! .0%! 8)22! 4-.7.-#'! #'! .0%! 8-&*.! +79%;!G#! 4#+:!
#.0%&/-*%3! #&! &%+)12-*03! .#! +#*.! #'! *%&,%&*! #&! .#! &%$-*.&-1).%! .#! 2-*.*3!
&%?)-&%*!+&-#&!*+%4-8-4!+%&(-**-#'!7'$a#&!7!8%%;!
"#$%&'&$(&)*+3!"#'.0![j\3!\``T3!O-.:3!_.7.%3!O#)'.&:;!
O#+:&-90.!\``T!PO"![6JV[[]6```6`a``a```TmnJ;``;!
!
%?)-++-'9! )*%&*! /-.0! '%/! $%,-4%*! $)&-'9! .0%! ()*%)(! ,-*-.! X%6
E722%.3! "<_M3! "#"#Z;! B).! .0%! )*%&! 744%+.7'4%! .#! -'*.722!
)'='#/'! *#8./7&%! #'! 7! +%&*#'72! $%,-4%! -*! &7.0%&! 2-(-.%$;!
M*.712-*0%$!4)2.)&72!-'*.-.).%*!2-=%!()*%)(*!/-22!740-%,%!7!0-90%&!
2%,%2!#8!.&)*.o!'%,%&.0%2%**!(#*.!,-*-.#&*!/-22!7,#-$!.0%!7$$-.-#'72!
#,%&0%7$!#8!*%..-'9!)+!*#8./7&%!#'!.0%-&!#/'!$%,-4%!#&!2%7&'-'9!.#!
-'.%&74.!/-.0!7!'%/!$%,-4%!/0-2%!*.7&.-'9!.0%-&!()*%)(!.#)&;!
C'! .0-*! +7+%&! /%! .0%&%8#&%! 7,#-$! 1#.0! 7++ˤ%*! 7'$! #88%&!
4#'.%5.617*%$3! 2#47.-#'67/7&%! (%$-7! *%&,-4%*! #'! )*%&*D! +&-,7.%!
$%,-4%*! /-.0#).! 7':! +&-#&! -'*.7227.-#';!E%! #).2-'%! .0%! .%40'-472!
+&-'4-+2%*! #8! .0%! )'$%&2:-'9! "%$-%'.! -'8&7*.&)4.)&%! 7'$! +&%*%'.!
F#2*.%'G#)&! 7*! 7'! %57(+2%! -'*.7'.-7.%$!"%$-%'.! 7++2-47.-#'! 8#&!
.0%! F#2*.%'.#&! ")*%)(! -'! H)%1%4=;! C'! 9%'%&72! "%$-%'.!
-'8&7*.&)4.)&%! -*! 17*%$! #'! /-&%2%**! '%./#&=*! *-(-27&2:! .#! .0%!
<1-?")*%)(!-'8&7*.&)4.)&%!-'.&#$)4%$!71#,%;!!
EA' #F#$GH/!%&I8$G&$D%G/
G0%!F#2*.%'G#)&!*:*.%(!-*!17*%$!#'!"%$-%'.3!7!*%&,-4%!#&-%'.%$!
7&40-.%4.)&%! )*-'9!/%1! *%&,-4%*! -'! 7'! %,%'.6$&-,%'! 7++ˤ! K[L;!
O#&%! 4#'4%+.! #8! "%$-%'.! -*! .0%! )*%! #8! &%,%&*%! PpPq! KhL! 7'$!
*.7'$7&$! 4#(()'-47.-#'! .%40'#2#9-%*! 2-=%! B2)%.##.0! .#! &%72-e%!
4#'.%5.67/7&%!+)*0!*%&,-4%*!#'!(#1-2%!$%,-4%*!/-.0#).!7':!+&-#&!
-'*.7227.-#'! #8! +&#+&-%.7&:! *#8./7&%;! PpPq6%'712%$! 1&#/*%&*! #'!
*(7&.! +0#'%*! 7).#(7.-4722:! *0#/! $:'7(-4! /%1! +79%*! .&-99%&%$!
.0&#)90!4#'.%5.!%,%'.*!X%;9;!407'9%$!2#47.-#'Z;!G0-*!$%4&%7*%*!.0%!
4#(+).7.-#'72!2#7$!#'!.0%!42-%'.!$%,-4%!7'$!&%$)4%*!.&788-4!2#7$!-'!
.0%!'%./#&=;!
!
J-*2,)/@A/#;.():/!,5K-()5(2,)/
G0%!F#2*.%'G#)&!-'*.7'.-7.%*!.0%!"%$-%'.!4#'4%+.!/-.0!7!*%.)+!#8!
4#''%4.%$!4#(+#'%'.*!XN-9;![Z>!
& P!/%1! *%&,%&! -*! 0#*.-'9! 7! *%.! #8!/%1!+79%*!+&%*%'.-'9!
$-88%&%'.! %50-1-.-#'! -.%(*! -'! *+%4-8-4! 2#47.-#'*! #8! .0%!
()*%)(! 7'$! &)''-'9! .0%! F#2*.%'G#)&! W%,%&*%! PQ75!
-(+2%(%'.7.-#'! /0-40! =%%+*! .&74=! 7'$! (7'79%*! 722!
74.-,%! PpPq617*%$! /%1! 7++2-47.-#'*! &)''-'9! #'! .0%!
,-*-.#&*D!(#1-2%!42-%'.*;!
& R"%$-7!_+#.*S!7&%! *(722!B2)%.##.0! *47''%&*!/0-40!7&%!
)*%$! .#! $%.%4.! '%7&1:! B2)%.##.0! $%,-4%*;! G0%! (%$-7!
*+#.*! 7&%! 2#47.%$! 7.! -(+#&.7'.! %50-1-.-#'! 2#47.-#'*! 7'$!
)+$7.%! .0%! $%.%4.%$! ,-*-.#&*D! $%,-4%*! /-.0! *+%4-8-4!
4#'.%'.!8#&!.0%!&%*+%4.-,%!2#47.-#';!!
& P.! .0%! %'.&7'4%! #8! .0%! ()*%)(3! 7! /%24#(%! =-#*=!
%?)-++%$!/-.0! 7! .#)40! *4&%%'! -*! &)''-'9! 7!()2.-(%$-7!
&-40! 7++2-47.-#';!@-*-.#&*!9%.! -'.&#$)4%$! .#! .0%!4#'4%+.!
7'$! 47'! 87(-2-7&-e%! .0%(*%2,%*! /-.0! .0%! $-88%&%'.!
7,7-2712%! &##(*! .0&#)90! (7+*3! ,-$%#*3! 7)$-#! 7'$!
(%**79-'9;!!
& P22! (%$-7! *+#.*3! =-#*=*! 7'$! ,-*-.#&! $%,-4%*! 7&%!
4#'.%$! 7'$! 4#''%4.%$! ,-7! "%$-%'.! *%&,%&! .0&#)90!
PpPq!7'$!_AP^!4#(()'-47.-#';!
!
G0%! 4#(()'-47.-#'! /-.0! .0%! (#1-2%! $%,-4%*! -*! &%72-e%$! 1:!
4#(1-'-'9! EHPc! 7'$! B2)%.##.0;! EHPc! 722#/*! 8#&! 0-90!
17'$/-$.0! 4#'.%'.! 407''%2! 7'$! #'2-'%! *.&%7(*;! G0%! B2)%.##.0!
&7$-#! *-9'72*! 7&%! )*%$! 8#&! '%7&61:! $%,-4%! $%.%4.-#'3! 2#472! $7.7!
.&7'*8%&3! 7'$! (%**79-'9! )*-'9! .0%! A1Q%4.! M5407'9%! XABMqZ!
^&#.#4#2;!"#&%#,%&3!722!B2)%.##.0!%?)-++%$!"%$-7!_+#.*!7&%!)*-'9!
q"HFGG^!&%?)%*.*!.#!7''#)'4%!7':!'%/2:!8#)'$!,-*-.#&!$%,-4%!
.#! .0%!/%1!*%&,-4%;!G0%! &%,%&*%!PpPq!.%40'-?)%! -*!)*%$! .#!+)*0!
-'8#&(7.-#'!7'$!4#'.!.0%!(#1-2%!42-%'.!&%(#.%2:;!!
G0%! F#2*.%'G#)&! 7++2-47.-#'! $#%*! '#.! &%?)-&%! 7':! *+%4-72!
-'*.7227.-#'3!7'$!+#.%'.-722:!&)'*!#'!7':!(#1-2%!$%,-4%!.07.!0#*.*!7!
/%1!1&#/*%&!/-.0!PpPq!*)++#&.;!E%!)*%$!Y%22!P5-(!,J`!^YP*!
8#&! .%*.-'9! 7'$! 27.%&! )+9&7$%$! .#! c#=-7! cUJ! (#1-2%! +0#'%!
07'$*%.*;!
A'4%! .0%! *47''-'9! (%$-7! *+#.! 7**-9'%$! .#! .0%! /%24#(%! =-#*=!
$%.%4.*!7!'%/!)*%&!(#1-2%!$%,-4%3!7!(%**79%!-*!1%-'9!*%'.! .#!.0%!
*%&,%&;! G0-*! -'8#&(7.-#'! .&-99%&*! .0%! -'+).!(#$%! #8! .0%! .%&(-'72!
.0&#)90! 4#'.-')#)*2:! &%4%-,-'9! &%?)%*.*! #8! 7! $%$-47.%$! /%1!
*%&,-4%;! F%'4%3! .0%! ,-*-.#&! -*! 712%! .#! '7,-97.%! .0&#)90! 7! ,-&.)72!
+&%*%'.7.-#'! #8! .0%!()*%)(;! P*! *##'! 7*! .0%! ,-*-.#&! 8-'-*0%*! .0%!
.#)&! *%2%4.-#'3! .0%! *%2%4.-#'! -*! 7).#(7.-4722:! )+$7.%$! -'! .0%!
$7.717*%! )*-'9! _AP^;!P8.%&/7&$*3! .0%! *%&,%&! *%'$*! 7! B2)%.##.0!
1##.*.&7++-'9!(%**79%!,-7!.0%!*47''-'9!(%$-7!*+#.!.#!.0%!(#1-2%!
42-%'.;! E0%'! .0%! (%**79%! -*! #+%'%$! 1:! .0%! )*%&3! .0%! (#1-2%!
1&#/*%&! -*! 7).#(7.-4722:! $-&%4.%$! .#! .0%! F#2*.%'G#)&! /%1!
7++2-47.-#';!E0-2%!.0%!,-*-.#&!-*!.#)&-'9!-'*-$%!.0%!()*%)(3!(%$-7!
*+#.*!7&%!712%!.#!$%.%4.!7'$!)+$7.%!.0%!,-*-.#&D*!2#47.-#'!7'$!&%+#&.!
-.! .#! .0%! *%&,%&;! G0%! 42-%'.! *-$%! PpPq6&%?)%*.! #'! .0%! (#1-2%!
$%,-4%!1&#/*%&!&%4#9'-e%*!.0%!407'9%!7'$!7).#(7.-4722:!&%?)%*.*!
.0%! '%/! 7$$&%**! 7**-9'%$! .#! .0%! 74.)72! *+74%3! 0%'4%! .0%! +27:%$!
4#'.%'.!#'!.0%!(#1-2%!42-%'.!4#&&%*+#'$*!.#!.0%!4)&&%'.!2#47.-#'!#8!
.0%!)*%&!-'!.0%!()*%)(;!
LA' 8B$G%J!&G/6G#8<B/
P.! .0%! %'.&7'4%! #8! .0%! ()*%)(3! 7'! -'.%&74.-,%! 7++2-47.-#'! #'! 7!
.#)406*4&%%'! %?)-++%$! =-#*=! /%24#(%*! .0%! ,-*-.#&*3! /0-40! 47'!
+274%!.0%-&!(#1-2%!$%,-4%*!#'!7'!-'$-47.%$!7&%7!X%?)-++%$!/-.0!7!
0-$$%'!B2)%.##.0!*%'*#&Z!7'$!*%2%4.!7*+%4.*!#8!.0%!%50-1-.-#'!.07.!
.0%:!8-'$!-'.%&%*.-'9;!!
!
J-*2,)/EA/>-+.M/'(/H2.)2:/G0(,'05)/
1%%'!4#'.%5.)72-e%$! -'! .0%! &%72! 4-.:! 7'$!722#47.%$!9&7+0-4722:!#'!
7'! -'.%&74.-,%!(7+3! -'! #&$%&! .#!(7=%! .0%! *%2%4.-#'! +%**!(#&%!
(%7'-'98)2!7'$!%7*-%&!8#&!.0%!)*%&!XN-9)&%!]Z;!!
!
!
J-*2,)/LA/D.),/80(),9'5)/+0/>-+.M/
!
G0%!.#)40!*4&%%'!%'712%*!,-*-.#&*!.#!*%2%4.!.0%!%2%(%'.*!#8!-'.%&%*.!
1:! +&%**-'9! #'! .0%(;! G0-*! .&-99%&*! 7! ,-$%#3! /0-40! $%+-4.*! .0%!
Q#)&'%:!8&#(!.0%!()*%)(!.#!.0%!+274%!/0%&%!.0%!%2%(%'.!-*!.#!1%!
8#)'$!-'!&%72-.:3!-22)*.&7.-'9!.0%!&%27.-#'!1%./%%'!.0%!%50-1-.!.#+-4!
7'$!.0%!4#&&%*+#'$-'9!2#47.-#'!-'!.#/'!XN-9)&%!TZ;!!
!
!
J-*2,)/NA/O-1)+/8==2.(,'(-0*/GPK-3-(-+0/
!
P.! .0-*! *.79%3! .0%! ,-*-.#&*! 47'! 4#(+#*%! .0%-&! #/'! .#)&! 9)-$%! 1:!
7$$-'9!.0%!*%2%4.%$!%2%(%'.*!.#!7!17&!7.!.0%!1#..#(!#8!.0%!*4&%%';!
P!RN-'-*0!_%2%4.-#'S!1)..#'! .7=%*! .0%!,-*-.#&*! .#! .0%!8-'72!*.%+!-'!
.0%! *%2%4.-#'! +%**3!/0%&%! .0%! 40#*%'! %2%(%'.*! 7&%!(7++%$! .#!
.0%!(#1-2%!$%,-4%!+274%$!#'!.0%!=-#*=;!P'!_"_!-*!*%'.!.#!.0%!)*%&!
,-7! B2)%.##.0! 7'$! 1:! 744%+.-'9! .0%!(%**79%3! .0%!(#1-2%! $%,-4%!
1&#/*%&! -*! &%$-&%4.%$! .#! .0%! 4)*.#(-e%$! ()*%)(r*! -'8#&(7.-#'!
+#&.72!+79%;!
!
J-*2,)/QA/D.),/80(),9'5)/+0/H+3-=)/6)R-5)/
!
G0%!8#4)*!#8!.0%!*%&,-4%!.0%'!(#,%*!.#!.0%!(#1-2%!$%,-4%3!/0%&%!7!
(7+!#8!.0%!()*%)(D*!-''%&!*.&)4.)&%!-*!$-*+27:%$!XN-9)&%!JZ;!!
G0%!&##(*!4#'.7-'-'9!.0%!*%2%4.%$!%2%(%'.*!7&%!$%+-4.%$!/-.0!.0%!
*7(%! -4#'! .07.! -$%'.-8-%*! .0%! 4#&&%*+#'$-'9! -.%(*! -'! .0%! =-#*=!
-'.%&874%3! %*.712-*0-'9! 7!,-*)72! 4#''%4.-#'!1%./%%'!1#.0!+7&.*! #8!
.0%! *%&,-4%;! G0%! *+7.-72! (%.7+0#&! #8! .0%! (7+! )*%$! 797-'! -'! .0%!
(#1-2%! $%,-4%! -*! -'.%'$%$! .#! +&#,-$%! .0%! ,-*-.#&*! /-.0! 7'!
#&-%'.7.-#'!.##2!.07.!722#/*!.0%(!.#!'7,-97.%!.0%!+0:*-472!()*%)(!
744#&$-'9! .#! .0%-&! +&%8%&%'4%*! XN-9)&%! h! H%8.Z;!E0%'! .0%! ,-*-.#&!
(#,%*! 8&#(! &##(! .#! &##(3! $:'7(-4! 4#'.%'.! -*! $-*+27:%$! -'! .0%!
8#&(!#8!/%1!+79%*!/-.0!%(1%$$%$!*#)'$!7'$!.%5.)72!-'8#&(7.-#'!
.07.!407'9%!744#&$-'9!.#!.0%!2#47.-#'!#8!.0%!,-*-.#&!-'!.0%!()*%)(!
XN-9)&%!h!W-90.Z;!
!
!
J-*2,)/SA/T)9(U/B'R-*'(-+0/H'7A/%-*K(U/H2=(-:)1-'/
V,).)0('(-+0/+0/GPK-3-(-+0/
!
!
!
!
!
G0%! +&#.#.:+%! #8! .0%!F#2*.%'G#)&! +&#Q%4.!/7*! -(+2%(%'.%$! 7'$!
.%*.%$!7.! .0%!C_c"!47(+)*;!B:!)*-'9!.0%!"%$-%'.!-'8&7*.&)4.)&%3!
/%!/%&%!712%! .#!*)++#&.!7!()*%)(!.#)&!9)-$%!#'!(#1-2%!+0#'%*!
/-.0#).! +&-#&! -'*.7227.-#';! G0%! 8)'4.-#'72-.:! #8! .0%! *:*.%(! /7*!
,72-$7.%$! /-.0! 7! *%.)+! #8! *#(%! %57(+2%*! &##(*! %?)-++%$! /-.0!
"%$-7!_+#.!$%,-4%!$%.%4.#&*;!W%*+#'*%!.-(%*!#8!.0%!*:*.%(*!/%&%!
*)88-4-%'.!.#!9%'%&7.%!7!82)%'.!/72=!.0&#)90!.0%!*-()27.%$!()*%)(!
/-.0! %&&#&68&%%! (%$-7! +&%*%'.7.-#'! #'! .0%! .&-99%&%$! /%1! +79%*;!
_-'4%! .0%! *:*.%(! -*! .&74=-'9! .0%! )*%&! $%,-4%*! -'$-,-$)722:3!
()2.-+2%!)*%&*!4#)2$!07,%!1%%'!*)++#&.%$!7.!.0%!*7(%!.-(%;!!
G0%!F#2*.%'G#)&! 7++2-47.-#'! 07*! $%(#'*.&7.%$! .0%! 47+71-2-.:! #8!
.0%!*:*.%(!.#!788#&$!.0%!)*%!#8!4#'.%5.!7/7&%!(#1-2%!()2.-(%$-7!
7++2-47.-#'*! 7'$! *%&,-4%*! /-.0#).! &%?)-&-'9! .0%! )*%&*! .#! /#&&:!
71#).!-'*.7227.-#'*!#8!7':!=-'$!#&!74?)-*-.-#'!#8!%5.&7!$%,-4%*;!G0%!
(7+!+&%*%'.%$!#'!.0%!(#1-2%!$%,-4%!74.*!7*!7!.#)&!9)-$%!7'$!7.!.0%!
*7(%! .-(%! #88%&*! ()2.-(%$-7! -'8#&(7.-#'! 71#).! *+%4-8-4! -.%(*;!
G0%! *)++#&.! #8! 7)$-#! 4#'.%'.! 722#/*! .0%! )*%&*! .#! $-&%4.! .0%-&!
7..%'.-#'! .#! .0%! %50-1-.*! /0-2%! ,-*)72! 7'$! .%5.)72! %5+27'7.-#'*!
%'712%! .0%(! .#! &%,-%/! (-**%$! $%.7-2*;! C'! .0-*! /7:3! ()*%)(!
,-*-.#&*! 47'! 8#4)*! #'! .0%-&! +&%8%&&%$! %50-1-.-#'! #1Q%4.*! 7*! .0%:!
1&#/*%!.0%!()*%)(!-'!7!$%*-&%$!*%?)%'4%!#8!&##(*!7'$!%50-1-.*;!
G0%! 4)&&%'.! -'*.7'.-7.-#'! #8! F#2*.%'G#)&! -*! Q)*.! 7! *.7&.-'9! +#-'.!
7'$! (7':! (#&%! *%&,-4%*! 4#)2$! 1%! -'4#&+#&7.%$3! -'42)$-'9!(#&%!
$%.7-2%$! 2%,%2*! #8! -'8#&(7.-#'3! &7'=-'9! *%&,-4%*3! 1##=(7&=-'9!
8%7.)&%*3! %.4;!E%! 7&%! 4)&&%'.2:!/#&=-'9! #'! 7'! %'07'4%$! ,%&*-#'!
8#&! .0%! 4)2.)&72! 8#)'$7.-#'! -'!H)%1%4=! 7'$!+27''-'9! .#!#88%&! .0%!
*:*.%(! .#! .0%!()*%)(!,-*-.#&*! .#!9%.!(#&%!%5+%&-%'4%*! -'! 7! &%72!
.&-72;!E-.0!.0%!%5+%&-%'4%*!97-'%$!-'!.0%!+&#.#.:+%!$%,%2#+%$3!/%!
7&%!4#'8-$%'.3!.07.!.0%!*:*.%(!4#)2$!+&#,-$%!7'!%'07'4%$!()*%)(!
,-*-.! /0-2%! 7,#-$-'9! .0%! 4#((#'! +%(*! #8! +&#+&-%.7&:!
-'*.7227.-#'*;!
QA' !&>BCWTG6<HGB$#/
G0%!"#1-2%! F#2*.%'G#)&! +&#Q%4.! /7*! &%72-e%$!/-.0-'! .0%! 4#)&*%!
R<1-?)-.#)*! O#(+).-'9S! -'! .0%! "7*.%&! #8! _4-%'4%! +	&7(!
RY-9-.72!"%$-7S!#8!.0%!C'.%&'7.-#'72!_40##2!#8!c%/!"%$-7!7.!.0%!
<'-,%&*-.:! #8! H)%1%4=;! A)&! *+%4-72! .07'=*! 9#! .#! .0%! .%7(!
(%(1%&*! q-7#Q-'9! N7'3! H-0)7! _#'93! F#'9! O0)'3! H#&%.#! p7?)%3!
b)'+%-!E)3!I%#&9%!B%2-'973!f7.Q7!c#,-.e=#,73!@%&#'-47!F)2%7!
7'$! @7&,7&7! I)2Q7Q%,7;! E%! /#)2$! 72*#! 2-=%! .#! .07'=! Y7&&%'!
O7&2*#'!8#&!0-*!,72)712%!-'+).;!
SA' %GJG%GB&G#/
K[L& P2!G7=&#)&-3!B;!\``d;!<1-?)-.#)*!C'8&7*.&)4.)&%!8#&!
O#'.%5.)72-*%$!M50-1-.-#'!_%&,-4%*;!"7*.%&!G0%*-*;!C_c"!6!
C'.%&'7.-#'72!_40##2!#8!c%/!"%$-7!7.!.0%!<'-,%&*-.:!#8!
H)%1%4=3!I%&(7':;!
K\L& O7'#3!p;O;3!"7'e#'-3!^;3!G#03!O;f;!\``h;!<1-?")*%)(>!P!
B2)%.##.0!7'$!p7,7!B7*%$!O#'.%5.6P/7&%!_:*.%(!8#&!
<1-?)-.#)*!O#(+).-'9;!E-&%2%**!^%&*#'72!O#(()'-47.-#'*>!
P'!C'.%&'7.-#'72!p#)&'72;!]V3!\!Xp)2:!\``hZ3![Vd6\`\;!YAC!s!
0..+>aa$5;$#-;#&9a[`;[``da*[[\dd6``J6U``[65;!
K]L& O0#)3!_;3!F*-%03!E;3!I7'$#'3!N;H;!7'$!_7$%03!c;";!\``J;!
_%(7'.-4!E%1!G%40'#2#9-%*!8#&!O#'.%5.6P/7&%!")*%)(!
G#)&!I)-$%!P++2-47.-#'*;!C'!^%%$-'9*!#8!.0%![U.0!
C'.%&'7.-#'72!O#'8%&%'4%!#'!P$,7'4%$!C'8#&(7.-#'!
c%./#&=-'9!7'$!P++2-47.-#'*!j!@#2)(%!\!XG7-/7'3!"7&40!
\V6]`3!\``J3!++;!d`U!j!d[TZ;!CMMM!O#(+).%&!_#4-%.:3!
E7*0-'9.#'3!YO3!<_P;!YAC!s!
0..+>aa$5;$#-;#&9a[`;[[`UaPCcP;\``J;]`d;!!
KTL& O-7,7&%2273!O;!7'$!^7.%&'#3!N;!\``];!_)++#&.-'9!P44%**!.#!
")*%)(!C'8#&(7.-#'!8#&!"#1-2%!@-*-.#&*;!C'!^%%$-'9*!#8!
.0%![`.0!C'.%&'7.-#'72!O#'8%&%'4%!#'!F)(7'6O#(+).%&!
C'.%&74.-#'!XO&%.%3!I&%%4%3!p)'%!\\6\d3!\``]Z;!FOC!
C'.%&'7.-#'72!\``];!H7/&%'4%!M&217)(!P**#4-7.%*3!C'4;!
KJL& O-'#..-3!G;_;!%.!72;>!RM,72)7.-'9!O#'.%5.6P/7&%!"#1-2%!
P++2-47.-#'*!C'!")*%)(*>!M5+%&-%'4%*!8&#(!.0%!"<_M!
^&#Q%4.;!C'!^%%$-'9*!#8!")*%)(*!7'$!.0%!E%1!\``T3!
XG#&#'.73!O7'7$73!"7&40!][6P+&-2!]3!\``TZ;!P&40-,%*!t!
")*%)(!C'8#&(7.-4*;!
KhL& M#e$793!M;3!"%*1703!P;!7'$!Y%)&*%'3!P;!\``d;!P!
O#(+7&-*#'!#8!^)*0!7'$!^)22!G%40'-?)%*!8#&!PpPq3!
_#8./7&%!M'9-'%%&-'9!W%*%7&40!I&#)+3!Y%+;!#8!_#8./7&%!
G%40'#2#9:3!N74)2.:!#8!M2%4.&-472!M'9-'%%&-'93!"7.0%(7.-4*!
7'$!O#(+).%&!_4-%'4%3!Y%28.!<'-,%&*-.:!#8!G%40'#2#9:3!G0%!
c%.0%&27'$*3!G<Y6_MWI6\``d6`[h3!C__c![Vd\6J]U\;!
KdL& p7%'3!p;3!M*.%,%3!p;";3!"#40#2-3!p;P;!7'$!O7'#*3!p;F;!\``J;!
"#"#>!%'712-'9!0:1&-$!()*%)(*;!_#8./7&%3!CMM!
^%%$-'9*3![J\3!J!XA4.;!\``JZ3!\TJ!j!\J[;!
KVL& W7+.-*3!Y;3!G*%2-#*3!c;!7'$!P,#)&-*3!c;!\``J;!O#'.%5.617*%$!
$%*-9'!#8!(#1-2%!7++2-47.-#'*!8#&!()*%)(*>!P!_)&,%:!#8!
%5-*.-'9!+&74.-4%*;!C'!^%%$-'9*!#8!.0%!d.0!C'.%&'7.-#'72!
O#'8%&%'4%!#'!F)(7'!O#(+).%&!C'.%&74.-#'!/-.0!"#1-2%!
Y%,-4%*!t!_%&,-4%*!X_72e1)&93!P)*.&-73!_%+;![U6\\3!\``JZ;!
"#1-2%!FOC!\``J;!PO"!^&%**3!c%/!b#&=;!YAC!s!
0..+>aa$#-;74(;#&9a[`;[[TJa[`VJddd;[`VJV`];!
KUL& _7'.#!O;3!^7.%&'u3!N;3!W-44-3!I;!7'$!H%+#&-'-3!B;!\``d;!P!
")2.-(#$72!"#1-2%!")*%)(!I)-$%!8#&!P223!C'!^%%$-'9*!
#8!"#1-2%!C'.%&74.-#'!/-.0!.0%!W%72!E#&2$3!E#&=*0#+!7.!
"#1-2%FOC!\``d!X_-'97+#&%3!_%+![[6[T3!\``dZ;!!
K[`L&@7'!_%..%'3!";3!^#=&7%,3!_;!7'$!f##2/77-Q3!p;!\``T;!
O#'.%5.6P/7&%!W%4#((%'$7.-#'*!-'!.0%!"#1-2%!G#)&-*.!
P++2-47.-#'!OA"^P__;!C'!^%%$-'9*!#8!.0%!]&$!
C'.%&'7.-#'72!O#'8%&%'4%!#'!P$7+.-,%!F:+%&(%$-7!7'$!
P$7+.-,%!E%1617*%$!_:*.%(*!XM-'$0#,%'3!.0%!c%.0%&27'$*3!
P)9;!\]6\h3!++;!\]J6\TTZ;!_+&-'9%&;!
'
Sign up today - FREE
Mendeley saves you time finding and organizing research. Learn more
- All your research in one place
- Add and import papers easily
- Access it anywhere, anytime


