Molecular diagnosis of bladder and kidney cancer

Abstract

This chapter will review the molecular diagnosis of bladder and kidney cancer. In current clinical practice, early detection and diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma is based on urinary cytology. UroVysionTM bladder cancer fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has become a useful ancillary test in the detection of urothelial carcinoma for initial diagnosis and recurrence; this test is applicable to routine cytologic urine specimens. Multiple studies have shown that UroVysionTM FISH in voided urine and washing specimens can help in patient management due to its superior sensitivity over cytology in certain situations. Within the renal cortex, molecular studies have not achieved routine use; the most widely available tests are used to identify Xp11.2 translocations/TFE fusions for the subclassification of renal cell carcinoma.