Navigateurs Internet Intelligents : Algorithmes de Fourmis Artificielles pour la diffusion d'informations dans un réseau P2P

Navigateurs Internet Intelligents : Algorithmes de Fourmis Artificielles pour la diffusion d'informations dans un réseau P2P

by Christophe Guéret

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(2006)

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Abstract

Dans ce travail de thèse, nous proposons l'architecture PIAF (Personnal Intelligent Agent Framework) dont l'objectif est de fournir aux utilisateurs un environnement d'échange d'informations non intrusif, autonome et polyvalent. Les problématiques de diffusion de l'information entre utilisateurs et d'optimisation de la topologie du réseau sont abordés avec un algorithme utilisant des fourmis artificielles. L'utilisation de phéromones artificielles déposées sur les connexions entre pairs lors des transferts autorise la constitution d'une mémoire globale des échanges et la détection de centres d'intérêts partagés. Comparativement aux solutions existantes, l'avantage de notre algorithme est d'affranchir l'utilisateur de la définition de profils. Ce dernier n'a besoin ni de s'abonner à un quelconque canal de diffusion ni de paramétrer ses centres d'intérêts pour pouvoir échanger de l'information.

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GESTION DU CONTENU
•Classification des éléments du
site
•Gestion des éléments du site
Web
Données utilisées : éléments de
contenu, taxonomie, thésaurus
FOUILLE DU WEB
•Analyse des documents consultés
(“web usage mining”)
•Analyse du contenu du site (“web
content mining”)
Données utilisées : base de connais-
sances, historique, profil d’utilisateur
Journal d’accès
aux pages (“Logs”)
Serveur Web
Module de
publication du site
Module de
recommandations
interface
utilisateur
Partie de l’application “en ligne” Partie de l’application “hors ligne”
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2 )2(,-2#(ﬀ+ﬀU.!)(,5-ﬀ )4.!)(,5- C2n
" ﬀ $'C@5- U2#C@ $ ) " $'" &(&( ($ ﬀ" ﬂ )ﬀ-+
n $' 0 ,' ﬁ$'C@5- ﬀﬀ ) `2#$$' $'"
L = 1C2n
∑
i,j∈V
D(i, j) 9l
• 0 )2(, ,2# 782( ($%ﬀvA-,ﬂﬃ( ($ ﬀ
0 "B2#$'2B/782( ($%ﬀﬂ -+ (ﬀ #"+,5-- ﬀ ),l 4A-,ﬂ ( ($%ﬀ ,A- )ﬂ5;'A ,5-,$ $3ﬁ,'
vi
2#!-1-#"ﬂﬃ$' ), - )ﬂﬂ !-+ﬀ ($%ﬀ1- $'?@5-*ﬀﬀ ) ($'" "ﬀ )$%ﬀ" ($%ﬀ1- #" (?@5-#"
"$R. "+ $ )ﬀ (ﬀﬁ $'C@5- *)ﬂ , ($'"ﬁﬂ !""+ @#" $6. " $ )ﬀ>2# ﬂ !"& ki
$3ﬁ,'") ,$ $'C@5- *)ﬂ *) :2#$$' $'" &%) ki(ki − 1)

Ci =
|E(Ni)|
ki(ki − 1)

9l A

)$'" `2 )" Y ,$pA- )ﬂ5;' $'$ -+ &A eij = eji
$'C@5- *)ﬂ , ($'"#"+ﬀ $32 &%)
ki(ki−1)
2
l :2# 782( ($%ﬀ /A-,ﬂ ( ($%ﬀ ,x-&#" ), C #"+ﬀ!@ﬀ($ , ($ ($$ )$ ﬀ #"t.!)(,5-"
#" Ci
!@ﬀ($ ,'#"-ﬂ ,5-2D; )!0 ,' $3ﬁ,' , A- )ﬂ5;'

B0%, )ﬀ+ $ 9l%
C = 1|V |
∑
vi∈V
Ci
9l%
0(ﬀ+ﬀ &'$ ﬀ+ $ ﬂﬃ(,ﬀ(ﬀ1- &(ﬀ($' ,' )OE#$?ﬂ5-($'l- ($C2# ﬂﬀ #" )ﬀ-D2#".!) ,'&#"

2D; ﬀ

2D; ﬀ

ﬂ5-ﬂ !" ,$'/ !-+ ,.)ﬀ+ $6@ )"&# "+,5- .) #",5- "+ .)ﬀ-+ ﬀ& ($ ﬀ1- (,l $3ﬁ,'"
γwv =
1
kv(kv − 1)
∑
w∈Γ(v)
sim(v, w)|{u ∈ Γ(v) : (w, v) ∈ E}| 9l

).B2
7 Γ(v) = {u ∈ V \{v} : (v, u) ∈ E} #"-$3ﬁ,'" ),l50%,'(" v #"+ﬀ42#$$'B2(ﬀ&A
7 kv = |Γ(v)|
.) ﬀ ) , . "+ $ )ﬀA
$'?@5- *)ﬂ , ($'"ﬁﬂ !""+ @#"')$'"ﬁC. " $ )ﬀ v #"+ﬀﬁ kv(kv − 1)
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ﬂ ) -"

Γv = 0
),32(,$ #":. "+ $'" v $ ) 2#$$' $ )B.B2 ,$ ),ﬀ1- #":. "+ $'"
Γv = 1
ﬀ,'" #"+. " $'" "$ ﬀ $%ﬀ-D2#$$'B2(ﬀ&#"ﬁ($%ﬀ1- (,l

( ﬂ $%, &-+ 0 ,'C2( )ﬂ5-D#" ﬂﬃ-+ (ﬀ Y ,'"ﬀ1-- `2 )2(, `2##"2B/782( ($%ﬀ"
V = {v1, v2, v3, v4} E =
{
(v1, v2), (v2, v3), (v2, v4), (v3, v5), (v4, v1)
(v4, v2), (v4, v3), (v4, v5), (v5, v3), (v5, v4)
}
$ 2#$'"+ &- )$ ﬀ* $3ﬁ,' v4
$ !@ﬀ+ ($%ﬀ x. "+ $ )ﬀ Γ(v4) = {v1, v2, v3, v5}
0 , ) ,$' ﬀ )
kv4 = |Γ(v4)| = 4

-F> :9

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v4v1 v5
v2 v3

LDMON9l&D
7
Ł( ﬂ vA- )ﬂ5;' ﬂﬃ,5- :2 )2(, :2# 782( ($ ﬀ"
γv4 =
1
4(4− 1)
∑
w∈{v1,v2,v3,v5}
|{u ∈ {v1, v2, v3, v5} : (w, u) ∈ E}|
= 112(|{(v1, v2)}| + |{(v2, v3)}|+ |{(v3, v5)}|+ |{(v5, v3)}|)
= 13 = 0.33
γwv4 =
1
4(4− 1)
∑
w∈{v1,v2,v3,v5}
sim(v, w)|{u ∈ {v1, v2, v3, v5} : (w, u) ∈ E}|
= 112(0.9× |{(v1, v2)}|+ 0.3× |{(v2, v3)}|+ 0.3× |{(v3, v5)}| + 0.8× |{(v5, v3)}|)
= 2.312 = 0.19
,'"ﬂ5-&#"($ ﬀ$'"42( #"",'",$'/- )ﬂ &(ﬀ+,'ﬁﬀ1- " 5(#" ﬁ "+ﬀ1-+ @,ﬀ+ $
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(ﬀ ,$ A-&ﬁ "+ﬀ1-+ @,ﬀ+ $ k o ) ﬂ5-!@ )ﬀ@ ﬀ& ﬂﬃ,5- )B. - ki = k
ﬂ (,ﬀ8(ﬀ1- !-+ ,&#p2# &(ﬀ )$%ﬀ ﬂ5- , ﬀ ($ ﬀ1- .) ﬂ5-!@ )ﬀ@ ﬀ& ﬂ ,5-0 ,' i ) ﬀ ')!2(ﬀ( ($%ﬀ k
2#$$' $'" (ﬀ $'?@5- 2D;' r ﬂ !""+ @#" ﬂﬃ,5- #" k . "+ $'" ﬀ )$%ﬀ $$'&80 , ) N ﬂ ) -"
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" ﬀ CkN−1
) ﬂ5-!@ )ﬀ@ ﬀ& ﬂ ,5-`0%,' i ) ﬀ ')!2(ﬀ( ($%ﬀ k 2#$$' $'" #"ﬀﬁ&%)), ﬂ5- , ﬀ ($ ﬀ1- .)
ﬂ5-!@ )ﬀ@ ﬀ& Y )B. - k 2#$$' $'"" ﬀ pk (ﬀ .) ﬂ5-!@ )ﬀ@ ﬀ& ﬂ ,5-Ł0%,' #" N−k−1 ),ﬀ1-#"2#$$' $'"
$' " ($ ﬀ-ﬂ )"-&(ﬀ )ﬀ@ #"
(1− p)N−1−k ﬁ ,x'$ )$','" !@ﬀ($'$'" .)? !-+ ,.)ﬀ+ $ "+, .)$ ﬀ
P (ki = k) = CkN−1pk(1− p)N−1−k

ﬀ Xk
$'C@5-ﬁ-ﬂ ) -"A-& k
#"ﬂﬃ&- )$32#92#(ﬀ+ﬀ9.!)ﬀ-+ .)ﬀ@ #"+ﬀ E(Xk) = NP (ki =
k) = λk
).B2 λk = NCkN−1pk(1−p)N−1−k

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"+ﬀ($32# ",'" A- )ﬂ5;'#"
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Navigateurs Internet Intelligents : Algorithmes de Fourmis Artificielles pour la diffusion d'informations dans un réseau P2P

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