Phenotypic features of central sensitization

Abstract

The current manuscript reviews approaches for phenotyping central sensitization (CS). The manuscript covers the concept of diagnostic phenotyping, use of endophenotypes, biomarkers, and symptom clusters. Specifically, the components of CS that include general sensory sensitivity (assessed by quantitative sensory testing) and a symptom cluster denoting sleep difficulties, pain, affect, cognitive difficulties, and low energy (S.P.A.C.E.). Each of the assessment domains are described with reference to CS and their presence in chronic overlapping pain conditions (COPCs)—conditions likely influenced by CS. Chronic overlapping pain conditions likely represent clinical diagnostic phenotypes of CS. Components of CS can also be assessed using QST or self-report instruments designed to assess single elements of CS or more general composite indices.