Plantae , aquatic , amphibian and marginal species , Brazil
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Plantae , aquatic , amphibian and marginal species , Brazil
Journal of species lists and distribution
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133
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ISSN 1809-127X (online edition)
© 2011 Check List and Authors
Open Access | Freely available at www.checklist.org.br
flora from the Massaguaçu River Estuary, Caraguatatuba,
state of São Paulo, Brazil.
Materials and Methods
Study site
Massaguaçu River Estuary (23°37’20” S, 54°21’25” W)
is an irregular estuary. Its sandbar breaches several times
every year, with cycles that range from a few days to more
than one month (Figure 1). The duration of the connection
with the ocean also varies, from one tidal cycle to more
than two weeks. The estuary is located in a region with
humid tropical climate (af), with mild winter, rain in all
months and no biological dry season (Koeppen 1948).
The estuary left margin is a sand line that is now
disturbed. This margin still presents riparian vegetation
in almost all its extension. The right margin is better
preserved, and is a lowland Atlantic forest in different
degrees of preservation. The right margin is L shaped
(Figure 1 - white line), with the small leg exposed to the
ocean and the long leg protected from it by the sand line.
The estuary presents five major macrophytes banks
(Figure 1 - Mb), with dense formations of both aquatic and
amphibian plants. The estuary is under crescent pressure
from the growing nearby human neighborhoods. However,
to the best of our knowledge, there is no history of main
direct disturbance in the last 30 years. The sandbar
breaching is a natural event, but artificial breaching is
becoming more often, and the effects of this practice on
the estuary flora are uncertain.
Data collection
The species list in this work came from two surveys
that we performed in the estuary. The first focused on
the riparian vegetation of the right margin. For that, we
searched the margin collecting the closest tree (diameter
of ≥ 5cm at 1.5m high) to the maximum water line level. In
the second, we surveyed the flora inside the estuary. We
randomly placed 400 plots (5x5m, 25m²) in the five main
Introduction
Estuaries (from Latin aestus: tide and arium: receptacle)
are the buffer zones between river and ocean. Thus, they
are under strong tidal influence (Wolanski 2007). When
river and ocean are permanently connected (regular
estuaries), this influence happens continuously. However,
it is common, particularly in tropical regions, estuaries in
which the ocean builds a sandbar (that breaches from time
to time) that seals their connection with a river (Miranda
et al. 2002). In these cases, the ocean-river connection
is intermittent (irregular estuaries) and tidal influence
is limited. Regardless of the connection characteristics,
estuaries are environments closely related to tide cycles,
and therefore, estuarine plants must be able to cope with
salinity and flooding. Furthermore, in coastal environments
salt can reach plants and non-flooding soil through salt
spray (Boyce 1954; Wells and Shunk 1938) and tidal
salinization of the aquifer (Werner and Lockington 2006)
so, even plants above the estuarine brackish water level
are exposed to salt stress.
In irregular estuaries, breaching cycles are frequently
unpredictable events (Costa et al. 2003). This leads to
an unpredictability of tidal influence, and therefore, to
an inconstancy of saline and flooding conditions. This
increases the importance of stochastic events in plant
composition, and irregular estuaries are expected to
present several opportunistic amphibian species in
addition to their aquatic flora.
Plant zonation along salinity and flooding gradients
is one of the main gaps in the knowledge about tidal
environments (Crain et al. 2004), and irregular tropical
estuaries are particularly poorly studied (Costa et al. 2003).
Furthermore, as most studies regarding that matter focus
only on few species (Castillo et al. 2000; Costa et al. 2003;
Emeryet al. 2001; Touchette, 2006), a full estuary species
inventory is rarely published. Therefore, there is a great
demand for species list in these environments. Here we
present a species list of aquatic, amphibian, and marginal
Abstract: Estuaries are the buffer zones between river and ocean. Because they are under strong tidal influence, their
flora must be able to cope with salinity and flooding stress. In the present study we combined results from two surveys we
performed in the Massaguaçu River Estuary (23°37’20” S, 54°21’25” W), with the objective of providing a full inventory
of its aquatic, amphibian, and marginal flora. We reported 102 species among 77 genera and 47 families, including six
Pteridophyta species.
1 Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Sistemática e Ecologia Química. Rodovia Washington Luís, km
235. CEP 13565-905. São Carlos, SP, Brasil.
2 Embrapa Pantanal. Rua 21 de Setembro, 1880, Caixa Postal 109. CEP 79320-900. Corumbá, MS, Brasil.
* Corresponding author. E-mail: jpnr@jpnr.com.br
Jose Pedro N. Ribeiro 1*, Leandro K. Takao 1, Reginaldo S. Matsumoto 1, Catia Urbanetz 2 and Maria
Inês Salgueiro Lima 1
Plantae, aquatic, amphibian and marginal species,
Massaguaçu River Estuary, Caraguatatuba, São Paulo,
Brazil
Check List | Volume 7 | Issue 2 | 2011
Chec List
133
Li
s
t
s
o
f
s
p
e
c
ie
s
ISSN 1809-127X (online edition)
© 2011 Check List and Authors
Open Access | Freely available at www.checklist.org.br
flora from the Massaguaçu River Estuary, Caraguatatuba,
state of São Paulo, Brazil.
Materials and Methods
Study site
Massaguaçu River Estuary (23°37’20” S, 54°21’25” W)
is an irregular estuary. Its sandbar breaches several times
every year, with cycles that range from a few days to more
than one month (Figure 1). The duration of the connection
with the ocean also varies, from one tidal cycle to more
than two weeks. The estuary is located in a region with
humid tropical climate (af), with mild winter, rain in all
months and no biological dry season (Koeppen 1948).
The estuary left margin is a sand line that is now
disturbed. This margin still presents riparian vegetation
in almost all its extension. The right margin is better
preserved, and is a lowland Atlantic forest in different
degrees of preservation. The right margin is L shaped
(Figure 1 - white line), with the small leg exposed to the
ocean and the long leg protected from it by the sand line.
The estuary presents five major macrophytes banks
(Figure 1 - Mb), with dense formations of both aquatic and
amphibian plants. The estuary is under crescent pressure
from the growing nearby human neighborhoods. However,
to the best of our knowledge, there is no history of main
direct disturbance in the last 30 years. The sandbar
breaching is a natural event, but artificial breaching is
becoming more often, and the effects of this practice on
the estuary flora are uncertain.
Data collection
The species list in this work came from two surveys
that we performed in the estuary. The first focused on
the riparian vegetation of the right margin. For that, we
searched the margin collecting the closest tree (diameter
of ≥ 5cm at 1.5m high) to the maximum water line level. In
the second, we surveyed the flora inside the estuary. We
randomly placed 400 plots (5x5m, 25m²) in the five main
Introduction
Estuaries (from Latin aestus: tide and arium: receptacle)
are the buffer zones between river and ocean. Thus, they
are under strong tidal influence (Wolanski 2007). When
river and ocean are permanently connected (regular
estuaries), this influence happens continuously. However,
it is common, particularly in tropical regions, estuaries in
which the ocean builds a sandbar (that breaches from time
to time) that seals their connection with a river (Miranda
et al. 2002). In these cases, the ocean-river connection
is intermittent (irregular estuaries) and tidal influence
is limited. Regardless of the connection characteristics,
estuaries are environments closely related to tide cycles,
and therefore, estuarine plants must be able to cope with
salinity and flooding. Furthermore, in coastal environments
salt can reach plants and non-flooding soil through salt
spray (Boyce 1954; Wells and Shunk 1938) and tidal
salinization of the aquifer (Werner and Lockington 2006)
so, even plants above the estuarine brackish water level
are exposed to salt stress.
In irregular estuaries, breaching cycles are frequently
unpredictable events (Costa et al. 2003). This leads to
an unpredictability of tidal influence, and therefore, to
an inconstancy of saline and flooding conditions. This
increases the importance of stochastic events in plant
composition, and irregular estuaries are expected to
present several opportunistic amphibian species in
addition to their aquatic flora.
Plant zonation along salinity and flooding gradients
is one of the main gaps in the knowledge about tidal
environments (Crain et al. 2004), and irregular tropical
estuaries are particularly poorly studied (Costa et al. 2003).
Furthermore, as most studies regarding that matter focus
only on few species (Castillo et al. 2000; Costa et al. 2003;
Emeryet al. 2001; Touchette, 2006), a full estuary species
inventory is rarely published. Therefore, there is a great
demand for species list in these environments. Here we
present a species list of aquatic, amphibian, and marginal
Abstract: Estuaries are the buffer zones between river and ocean. Because they are under strong tidal influence, their
flora must be able to cope with salinity and flooding stress. In the present study we combined results from two surveys we
performed in the Massaguaçu River Estuary (23°37’20” S, 54°21’25” W), with the objective of providing a full inventory
of its aquatic, amphibian, and marginal flora. We reported 102 species among 77 genera and 47 families, including six
Pteridophyta species.
1 Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Sistemática e Ecologia Química. Rodovia Washington Luís, km
235. CEP 13565-905. São Carlos, SP, Brasil.
2 Embrapa Pantanal. Rua 21 de Setembro, 1880, Caixa Postal 109. CEP 79320-900. Corumbá, MS, Brasil.
* Corresponding author. E-mail: jpnr@jpnr.com.br
Jose Pedro N. Ribeiro 1*, Leandro K. Takao 1, Reginaldo S. Matsumoto 1, Catia Urbanetz 2 and Maria
Inês Salgueiro Lima 1
Plantae, aquatic, amphibian and marginal species,
Massaguaçu River Estuary, Caraguatatuba, São Paulo,
Brazil
Check List | Volume 7 | Issue 2 | 2011
Page 2
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Ribeiro et al. | Plantae, aquatic, amphibian and marginal species, Massaguaçu River Estuary, Brazil
Check List | Volume 7 | Issue 2 | 2011
macrophytes banks (80 per bank), and collected all species
(including Pteridophyta and rooted lianas) in the plot.
Species were classified according to APG III (APG 2009).
Voucher specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of
the Botanical Department, Federal University of São Carlos
(HUFSCar).
Results and Discussion
We reported 102 species among 77 genera and 47
families, including six Pteridophyta species (Table 1,
Figures 2-6). The richest Angiosperm families were
Cyperaceae (14 species), Fabaceae (9), Poaceae (8),
Primulaceae (6), Onagraceae (5) and Melastomataceae,
Myrtaceae and Polygonaceae (4). Thirty-nine families
were represented by trees or less species (Figure 7). As far
as we know the present work is the first species inventory
for an irregular estuary in Brazil.
Its flora seems to be similar to the flora of other
irregular estuaries we have visited in the same region.
However, to the best of our knowledge there are no studies
regarding that matter, and this information needs to be
confirmed by formal studies. Regular estuaries in the
same longitude usually present mangrove vegetation.
This vegetation is related to wide tide ranges, and is
mainly characterized by few trees (Rhizophora mangle L.,
Laguncularia racemosa (L.) C.F. Gaertn., Avicennia sp.) and
herbaceous (Spartina sp., Hibiscus sp. and Acrostichum
sp.) species (Silva et al. 2005). Thus, when compared to
this very low species richness (Vannucci 2001), the
number of species of Massaguaçu River Estuary is strictly
higher.
The reasons for those differences are not completely
clear, and there is a great demand for studies regarding
plant zonation and species inventories in tropical
estuaries. It has been proposed that environmental
unpredictability and the wide variation in the hydrological
condition lead to a lack of stress persistence (Costa et al.
2003). The unpredictability prevents the competitive
balance to be reached (Russell et al. 1985), and allows
species to occur in wide zones along the gradient (Baldwin
and Mendelssohn 1998). The intermittent flooding stress
allows riparian species to occur in the macrophyte banks,
as several non-aquatic plants can cope with moderate
sporadic flooding (Kozlowski 1997). Although we have not
performed a formal sampling of the riparian herbaceous
flora, field observations support that the opposite is also
true, and several macrophytes species can live in non-
flooded conditions.
Figure 1. Massaguaçu River Estuary regional location and aerial image. Mb= main macrophyte banks. White line = Riparian vegetation sampling path.
Camera icons= approximate location where the photographs (Figure 2-6) were taken.
Ribeiro et al. | Plantae, aquatic, amphibian and marginal species, Massaguaçu River Estuary, Brazil
Check List | Volume 7 | Issue 2 | 2011
macrophytes banks (80 per bank), and collected all species
(including Pteridophyta and rooted lianas) in the plot.
Species were classified according to APG III (APG 2009).
Voucher specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of
the Botanical Department, Federal University of São Carlos
(HUFSCar).
Results and Discussion
We reported 102 species among 77 genera and 47
families, including six Pteridophyta species (Table 1,
Figures 2-6). The richest Angiosperm families were
Cyperaceae (14 species), Fabaceae (9), Poaceae (8),
Primulaceae (6), Onagraceae (5) and Melastomataceae,
Myrtaceae and Polygonaceae (4). Thirty-nine families
were represented by trees or less species (Figure 7). As far
as we know the present work is the first species inventory
for an irregular estuary in Brazil.
Its flora seems to be similar to the flora of other
irregular estuaries we have visited in the same region.
However, to the best of our knowledge there are no studies
regarding that matter, and this information needs to be
confirmed by formal studies. Regular estuaries in the
same longitude usually present mangrove vegetation.
This vegetation is related to wide tide ranges, and is
mainly characterized by few trees (Rhizophora mangle L.,
Laguncularia racemosa (L.) C.F. Gaertn., Avicennia sp.) and
herbaceous (Spartina sp., Hibiscus sp. and Acrostichum
sp.) species (Silva et al. 2005). Thus, when compared to
this very low species richness (Vannucci 2001), the
number of species of Massaguaçu River Estuary is strictly
higher.
The reasons for those differences are not completely
clear, and there is a great demand for studies regarding
plant zonation and species inventories in tropical
estuaries. It has been proposed that environmental
unpredictability and the wide variation in the hydrological
condition lead to a lack of stress persistence (Costa et al.
2003). The unpredictability prevents the competitive
balance to be reached (Russell et al. 1985), and allows
species to occur in wide zones along the gradient (Baldwin
and Mendelssohn 1998). The intermittent flooding stress
allows riparian species to occur in the macrophyte banks,
as several non-aquatic plants can cope with moderate
sporadic flooding (Kozlowski 1997). Although we have not
performed a formal sampling of the riparian herbaceous
flora, field observations support that the opposite is also
true, and several macrophytes species can live in non-
flooded conditions.
Figure 1. Massaguaçu River Estuary regional location and aerial image. Mb= main macrophyte banks. White line = Riparian vegetation sampling path.
Camera icons= approximate location where the photographs (Figure 2-6) were taken.
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Ribeiro et al. | Plantae, aquatic, amphibian and marginal species, Massaguaçu River Estuary, Brazil
Check List | Volume 7 | Issue 2 | 2011
Figure 2. Area near sandbar, with dense formations of Crinum
americanum L.
Figure 3. Area in an intermediary position in the estuary, just after
the mouth closure, showing recently flooded formations of Bacopa
monnieri (L.) Pennell and Eleocharis minima Kunth. In back plane, Crinum
americanum L. and Acrostichum danaeifolium Langsd. and Fisch. In the
back, tree species with several individuals of Annona glabra L,. Dalbergia
ecastaphyllum (L.) TAUB., and Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) Kuntze.
Figure 4. Region away from sandbar, with formations dominated by
Rhynchospora corymbosa (L.) Britton, Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl)
Roem. and Schult., Scleria mitis P.J. Bergius and Scleria latifolia Sw. In back
plane, the arboreal compound, manly Tabebuia cassinoides (Lam.) D.C.,
Annona glabra L. and Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess.
Figure 5. Higher plots, subjected to sporadic flooding, with arboreal
stratum and several amphibian herbaceous species.
Figure 6. General view of estuary right margin.
Ribeiro et al. | Plantae, aquatic, amphibian and marginal species, Massaguaçu River Estuary, Brazil
Check List | Volume 7 | Issue 2 | 2011
Figure 2. Area near sandbar, with dense formations of Crinum
americanum L.
Figure 3. Area in an intermediary position in the estuary, just after
the mouth closure, showing recently flooded formations of Bacopa
monnieri (L.) Pennell and Eleocharis minima Kunth. In back plane, Crinum
americanum L. and Acrostichum danaeifolium Langsd. and Fisch. In the
back, tree species with several individuals of Annona glabra L,. Dalbergia
ecastaphyllum (L.) TAUB., and Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) Kuntze.
Figure 4. Region away from sandbar, with formations dominated by
Rhynchospora corymbosa (L.) Britton, Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl)
Roem. and Schult., Scleria mitis P.J. Bergius and Scleria latifolia Sw. In back
plane, the arboreal compound, manly Tabebuia cassinoides (Lam.) D.C.,
Annona glabra L. and Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess.
Figure 5. Higher plots, subjected to sporadic flooding, with arboreal
stratum and several amphibian herbaceous species.
Figure 6. General view of estuary right margin.
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Ribeiro et al. | Plantae, aquatic, amphibian and marginal species, Massaguaçu River Estuary, Brazil
Check List | Volume 7 | Issue 2 | 2011
DIVISION/FAMILY SPECIES LIFE FORM LOCATION
Pteridophyta
Blechnaceae Blechnum serrulatum Rich. H Mb
Dryopteridaceae Cyclodium meniscioides (Willd.) C.Presl H Mb
Lygodiaceae Lygodium volubile Sw. H Mb
Polypodiaceae Serpocaulon triseriale (Sw.) A. R. H Mb
Pteridaceae Acrostichum danaeifolium Langsd. and Fisch H Mb
Thelypteridaceae Thelypteris interrupta (Willd.) K.Iwats. H Mb
Angiospermae
Alismataceae Sagittaria montevidensis Cham. and Schltdl. H Mb
Amaranthaceae Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. H Mb
Amaryllidaceae Crinum americanum L. H Mb
Anacardiaceae Tapirira guianensis Aubl. T R
Annonaceae Annona glabra L. T Both
Annonaceae Guatteria australis A. St.-Hil. T R
Apiaceae Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. H Mb
Apocynaceae Forsteronia sp. L Mb
Aquifoliaceae Ilex brevicuspis Reissek T R
Aquifoliaceae Ilex sp. T R
Aquifoliaceae Ilex theezans Mart. T R
Arecaceae Astrocaryum aculeatissimum (Schott) Burret T R
Arecaceae Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman T Both
Asteraceae Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeish T R
Asteraceae Mikania hastato-cordata Malme L Mb
Asteraceae Stifftia fruticosa (Velloso) D.J.N. Hind and Semir T R
Berberidaceae Berberis laurina Thunb. T R
Bignoniaceae Tabebuia cassinoides (Lam.) DC. T Mb
Boraginaceae Cordia curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. and Schult. H R
Bromeliaceae Aechmea distichantha Lem. H Mb
Calophyllaceae Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. T Both
Clusiaceae Clusia criuva Cambess. T Both
Clusiaceae Garcinia gardneriana (Planch.and Triana) Zappi T Both
Commelinaceae Commelina schomburgkiana Klotzsch. H Mb
Convolvulaceae Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet L Mb
Costaceae Costus arabicus L. H Mb
Cyperaceae Calyptrocarya longifolia (Rudge) Kunth H Mb
Cyperaceae cf. Rhynchospora sp. H Mb
Cyperaceae Cyperus sp. H Mb
Cyperaceae Eleocharis flavescens (Poir.) Urb. H Mb
Cyperaceae Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl) Roem. and Schult. H Mb
Cyperaceae Eleocharis minima Kunth H Mb
Cyperaceae Eleocharis montana (Kunth) Roem. and Schult. H Mb
Cyperaceae Fuirena umbellata Rottb. H Mb
Cyperaceae Rhynchospora cf. holoschoenoides (Rich.) Herter H Mb
Cyperaceae Rhynchospora corymbosa (L.) Britton H Mb
Cyperaceae Schoenoplectus californicus (C.A. Mey.) Soják H Mb
Cyperaceae Scleria latifolia Sw. H Mb
Cyperaceae Scleria mitis P.J. Bergius H Mb
Cyperaceae undetermined H Mb
Euphorbiaceae Pera glabrata (Schott) Poepp. ex Baill. T Both
Fabaceae Abarema brachystachya (DC.) Barneby and J.W. Grimes H Mb
Fabaceae Andira fraxinifolia Benth. T R
Fabaceae Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (L.) Taub. T Mb
Table 1. Species inventory of aquatic, amphibian, and marginal flora of Massaguaçu River Estuary, Caraguatatuba, São Paulo, Brazil. H = herb; L = liana;
T = tree; Mb = macrophyte banks; R = riparian, Both = both.
Ribeiro et al. | Plantae, aquatic, amphibian and marginal species, Massaguaçu River Estuary, Brazil
Check List | Volume 7 | Issue 2 | 2011
DIVISION/FAMILY SPECIES LIFE FORM LOCATION
Pteridophyta
Blechnaceae Blechnum serrulatum Rich. H Mb
Dryopteridaceae Cyclodium meniscioides (Willd.) C.Presl H Mb
Lygodiaceae Lygodium volubile Sw. H Mb
Polypodiaceae Serpocaulon triseriale (Sw.) A. R. H Mb
Pteridaceae Acrostichum danaeifolium Langsd. and Fisch H Mb
Thelypteridaceae Thelypteris interrupta (Willd.) K.Iwats. H Mb
Angiospermae
Alismataceae Sagittaria montevidensis Cham. and Schltdl. H Mb
Amaranthaceae Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. H Mb
Amaryllidaceae Crinum americanum L. H Mb
Anacardiaceae Tapirira guianensis Aubl. T R
Annonaceae Annona glabra L. T Both
Annonaceae Guatteria australis A. St.-Hil. T R
Apiaceae Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. H Mb
Apocynaceae Forsteronia sp. L Mb
Aquifoliaceae Ilex brevicuspis Reissek T R
Aquifoliaceae Ilex sp. T R
Aquifoliaceae Ilex theezans Mart. T R
Arecaceae Astrocaryum aculeatissimum (Schott) Burret T R
Arecaceae Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman T Both
Asteraceae Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeish T R
Asteraceae Mikania hastato-cordata Malme L Mb
Asteraceae Stifftia fruticosa (Velloso) D.J.N. Hind and Semir T R
Berberidaceae Berberis laurina Thunb. T R
Bignoniaceae Tabebuia cassinoides (Lam.) DC. T Mb
Boraginaceae Cordia curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. and Schult. H R
Bromeliaceae Aechmea distichantha Lem. H Mb
Calophyllaceae Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. T Both
Clusiaceae Clusia criuva Cambess. T Both
Clusiaceae Garcinia gardneriana (Planch.and Triana) Zappi T Both
Commelinaceae Commelina schomburgkiana Klotzsch. H Mb
Convolvulaceae Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet L Mb
Costaceae Costus arabicus L. H Mb
Cyperaceae Calyptrocarya longifolia (Rudge) Kunth H Mb
Cyperaceae cf. Rhynchospora sp. H Mb
Cyperaceae Cyperus sp. H Mb
Cyperaceae Eleocharis flavescens (Poir.) Urb. H Mb
Cyperaceae Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl) Roem. and Schult. H Mb
Cyperaceae Eleocharis minima Kunth H Mb
Cyperaceae Eleocharis montana (Kunth) Roem. and Schult. H Mb
Cyperaceae Fuirena umbellata Rottb. H Mb
Cyperaceae Rhynchospora cf. holoschoenoides (Rich.) Herter H Mb
Cyperaceae Rhynchospora corymbosa (L.) Britton H Mb
Cyperaceae Schoenoplectus californicus (C.A. Mey.) Soják H Mb
Cyperaceae Scleria latifolia Sw. H Mb
Cyperaceae Scleria mitis P.J. Bergius H Mb
Cyperaceae undetermined H Mb
Euphorbiaceae Pera glabrata (Schott) Poepp. ex Baill. T Both
Fabaceae Abarema brachystachya (DC.) Barneby and J.W. Grimes H Mb
Fabaceae Andira fraxinifolia Benth. T R
Fabaceae Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (L.) Taub. T Mb
Table 1. Species inventory of aquatic, amphibian, and marginal flora of Massaguaçu River Estuary, Caraguatatuba, São Paulo, Brazil. H = herb; L = liana;
T = tree; Mb = macrophyte banks; R = riparian, Both = both.
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Check List | Volume 7 | Issue 2 | 2011
DIVISION/FAMILY SPECIES LIFE FORM LOCATION
Fabaceae Erythrina crista-galli L. T R
Fabaceae Inga minutula (Schery) T.S. Elias T R
Fabaceae Machaerium uncinatum (Vell.) Benth. T R
Fabaceae Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) Kuntze T R
Fabaceae Mysanthus uleanus (Harms) G.P. Lewis and A. Delgado T R
Fabaceae Zollernia ilicifolia (Brongn.) Vogel T R
Lauraceae Ocotea oppositifolia S. Yasuda T R
Loganiaceae Spigelia sp. H Mb
Malpighiaceae Stigmaphyllon ciliatum (Lam.) A. Juss L Mb
Malvaceae Eriotheca pentaphylla (Vell.) A. Robyns T Mb
Malvaceae Hibiscus pernambucensis Arruda T Mb
Melastomataceae Clidemia cf. bullosa DC. H Mb
Melastomataceae Miconia cinnamomifolia (DC.) Naudin T R
Melastomataceae Miconia fallax DC. T R
Melastomataceae Miconia prasina (Sw.) DC. T R
Menyanthaceae Nymphoides sp. H Mb
Myrtaceae Eugenia umbelliflora L. T Both
Myrtaceae Eugenia uniflora L. T Both
Myrtaceae Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC. T R
Myrtaceae Psidium cattleianum Sabine T R
Nyctaginaceae Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz T R
Moraceae Brosimum guianense Huber ex Ducke T R
Moraceae Ficus cf. enormis (Mart. ex Miq.) Mart. T R
Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea caerulea Savigny H Mb
Onagraceae Ludwigia elegans (Cambess.) H. Hara H Mb
Onagraceae Ludwigia erecta (L.) H. Hara H Mb
Onagraceae Ludwigia filiformis (Micheli) Ramanoorthy H Mb
Onagraceae Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don) Excell H Mb
Onagraceae Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H.Raven H Mb
Plantaginaceae Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. H Mb
Poaceae Acroceras zizanioides (Kunth) Dandy H Mb
Poaceae Axonopus sp. H Mb
Poaceae Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf H Mb
Poaceae Echinochloa polystachya (Kunth) Hitchc. H Mb
Poaceae Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Ness H Mb
Poaceae Panicum sp.1 H Mb
Poaceae Panicum sp.2 H Mb
Poaceae Paspalum sp. H Mb
Polygonaceae Polygonum ferrugineum Wedd. H Mb
Polygonaceae Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. H Mb
Polygonaceae Polygonum meisnerianum Cham. and Schltdl. H Mb
Polygonaceae Coccoloba sp. T R
Primulaceae Myrsine coriacea (Sw.) R. Br. ex Roem. and Schult. T Both
Primulaceae Myrsine guianensis (Aubl.) Kuntze T Both
Primulaceae Myrsine parvifolia A. DC. T Both
Primulaceae Myrsine umbellata (Mart.) Mez T Both
Primulaceae Myrsine venosa A. DC. T Both
Primulaceae Myrsine sp. T Both
Rubiaceae Tocoyena bullata (Vell.) Mart. T Mb
Sapindaceae Cupania cf. oblongifolia Mart. T R
Typhaceae Typha domingensis Pers. H Mb
Urticaceae Coussapoa microcarpa (Schott) Rizzini T Both
Table 1. Continued.
Ribeiro et al. | Plantae, aquatic, amphibian and marginal species, Massaguaçu River Estuary, Brazil
Check List | Volume 7 | Issue 2 | 2011
DIVISION/FAMILY SPECIES LIFE FORM LOCATION
Fabaceae Erythrina crista-galli L. T R
Fabaceae Inga minutula (Schery) T.S. Elias T R
Fabaceae Machaerium uncinatum (Vell.) Benth. T R
Fabaceae Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) Kuntze T R
Fabaceae Mysanthus uleanus (Harms) G.P. Lewis and A. Delgado T R
Fabaceae Zollernia ilicifolia (Brongn.) Vogel T R
Lauraceae Ocotea oppositifolia S. Yasuda T R
Loganiaceae Spigelia sp. H Mb
Malpighiaceae Stigmaphyllon ciliatum (Lam.) A. Juss L Mb
Malvaceae Eriotheca pentaphylla (Vell.) A. Robyns T Mb
Malvaceae Hibiscus pernambucensis Arruda T Mb
Melastomataceae Clidemia cf. bullosa DC. H Mb
Melastomataceae Miconia cinnamomifolia (DC.) Naudin T R
Melastomataceae Miconia fallax DC. T R
Melastomataceae Miconia prasina (Sw.) DC. T R
Menyanthaceae Nymphoides sp. H Mb
Myrtaceae Eugenia umbelliflora L. T Both
Myrtaceae Eugenia uniflora L. T Both
Myrtaceae Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC. T R
Myrtaceae Psidium cattleianum Sabine T R
Nyctaginaceae Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz T R
Moraceae Brosimum guianense Huber ex Ducke T R
Moraceae Ficus cf. enormis (Mart. ex Miq.) Mart. T R
Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea caerulea Savigny H Mb
Onagraceae Ludwigia elegans (Cambess.) H. Hara H Mb
Onagraceae Ludwigia erecta (L.) H. Hara H Mb
Onagraceae Ludwigia filiformis (Micheli) Ramanoorthy H Mb
Onagraceae Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don) Excell H Mb
Onagraceae Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H.Raven H Mb
Plantaginaceae Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. H Mb
Poaceae Acroceras zizanioides (Kunth) Dandy H Mb
Poaceae Axonopus sp. H Mb
Poaceae Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf H Mb
Poaceae Echinochloa polystachya (Kunth) Hitchc. H Mb
Poaceae Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Ness H Mb
Poaceae Panicum sp.1 H Mb
Poaceae Panicum sp.2 H Mb
Poaceae Paspalum sp. H Mb
Polygonaceae Polygonum ferrugineum Wedd. H Mb
Polygonaceae Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. H Mb
Polygonaceae Polygonum meisnerianum Cham. and Schltdl. H Mb
Polygonaceae Coccoloba sp. T R
Primulaceae Myrsine coriacea (Sw.) R. Br. ex Roem. and Schult. T Both
Primulaceae Myrsine guianensis (Aubl.) Kuntze T Both
Primulaceae Myrsine parvifolia A. DC. T Both
Primulaceae Myrsine umbellata (Mart.) Mez T Both
Primulaceae Myrsine venosa A. DC. T Both
Primulaceae Myrsine sp. T Both
Rubiaceae Tocoyena bullata (Vell.) Mart. T Mb
Sapindaceae Cupania cf. oblongifolia Mart. T R
Typhaceae Typha domingensis Pers. H Mb
Urticaceae Coussapoa microcarpa (Schott) Rizzini T Both
Table 1. Continued.
Page 6
138
Ribeiro et al. | Plantae, aquatic, amphibian and marginal species, Massaguaçu River Estuary, Brazil
Check List | Volume 7 | Issue 2 | 2011
Figure 7. Frequency histogram of families with number of Angiospermae species of aquatic, amphibian, and marginal flora of Massaguaçu River
Estuary, Caraguatatuba, state of São Paulo, Brazil.
Literature Cited
APG. 2009. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification
for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Botanical
Journal of the Linnean Society 161: 105-121.
Baldwin, A. H. and I. A. Mendelssohn. 1998. Effects of salinity and water
level on coastal marshes: an experimental test of disturbance as a
catalyst for vegetation change. Aquatic Botany 61 (4): 255-268.
Boyce, S. G. 1954. The Salt Spray Community. Ecological Monographs 24
(1): 29-67.
Castillo, J. M., L. Fernández-Baco, E. M. Castellanos, C. J. Luqe, M. E.
Figueroa and A. J. Davy. 2000. Lowe limits of Spartina densiflora and
S. maritima in a Meditarranean salt marsh determined by different
ecophysiological tolerances. Journal of Ecology 88: 801-812.
Costa, C. S. B., J. C. Marangoni and A. M. G. Azevedo. 2003. Plant zonation
in an irregular flooded salt marshes: relative importance of stress
tolerance and biological interactions. Journal of Ecology 91: 951-965.
Crain, C. M., B. R. Silliman, S. L. Bertness and M. D. Bertness. 2004. Physical
and biotic drivers of plant distribution across estuarine salinity
gradients. Ecology 85 (9): 2539-2549.
Emery, N. C., P. J. Ewanchuk and M. D. Bertness. 2001. Competition
and salt-mash plant zonation: stress tolerators may be dominant
competitors. Ecology 82 (9): 2471-2485.
Koeppen, W. 1948. Climatología: con un estudio de los climas de la tierra.
Ciudad del Mexico, Mexico: Fondo de la Cultura Económica. 479 p.
Kozlowski, T. T. 1997. Responses of woody plants to flooding and salinity.
Tree physiology Monograph 1 (1): 1-29.
Miranda, L. B. d., B. M. d. Castro and b. Kjerfve. 2002. Principios de
oceanografia física de estuários. São Paulo: Edusp. 424 p.
Russell, P. J., T. K. Flowers, M. J. Hutchings and T. J. Flows. 1985. Comparison
of niche breadths and overlaps of halophytes on salt marshes of
differing diversity. Vegetatio 61 (1): 171-178.
Silva, M. A. B. D., E. Bernini and T. M. S. Carmo. 2005. Características
estruturais de bosques de mangue do estuário do rio São Mateus, ES,
Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 9 (3): 465-471.
Touchette, B. W. 2006. Salt tolerance in a Juncus roemerianus brackish
marsh: Spatial variations in plant water relations. Journal of
Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 337 (1): 1-12.
Vannucci, M. 2001. What is so special about mangroves? Brazilian Journal
of Biology 61: 599-603.
Wells, B. W. and I. V. Shunk. 1938. Salt spray: An important Factor in
Coastal Ecology. Bulletin of Torrey Botanical Club 65 (7): 485-492.
Werner, A. D. and D. A. Lockington. 2006. Tidal impacts on riparian
salinities near estuaries. Journal of Hydrology 328 (3-4): 511-522.
Wolanski, E. 2007. Estuarine Ecohydrology. Amsterdam, Netherlands:
Elsevier. 168 p.
Received: December 2010
Last Revised: January 2011
Accepted: February 2011
Published online: March 2011
Editorial responsibility: Frederico Augusto Guimarães Guilherme
Ribeiro et al. | Plantae, aquatic, amphibian and marginal species, Massaguaçu River Estuary, Brazil
Check List | Volume 7 | Issue 2 | 2011
Figure 7. Frequency histogram of families with number of Angiospermae species of aquatic, amphibian, and marginal flora of Massaguaçu River
Estuary, Caraguatatuba, state of São Paulo, Brazil.
Literature Cited
APG. 2009. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification
for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Botanical
Journal of the Linnean Society 161: 105-121.
Baldwin, A. H. and I. A. Mendelssohn. 1998. Effects of salinity and water
level on coastal marshes: an experimental test of disturbance as a
catalyst for vegetation change. Aquatic Botany 61 (4): 255-268.
Boyce, S. G. 1954. The Salt Spray Community. Ecological Monographs 24
(1): 29-67.
Castillo, J. M., L. Fernández-Baco, E. M. Castellanos, C. J. Luqe, M. E.
Figueroa and A. J. Davy. 2000. Lowe limits of Spartina densiflora and
S. maritima in a Meditarranean salt marsh determined by different
ecophysiological tolerances. Journal of Ecology 88: 801-812.
Costa, C. S. B., J. C. Marangoni and A. M. G. Azevedo. 2003. Plant zonation
in an irregular flooded salt marshes: relative importance of stress
tolerance and biological interactions. Journal of Ecology 91: 951-965.
Crain, C. M., B. R. Silliman, S. L. Bertness and M. D. Bertness. 2004. Physical
and biotic drivers of plant distribution across estuarine salinity
gradients. Ecology 85 (9): 2539-2549.
Emery, N. C., P. J. Ewanchuk and M. D. Bertness. 2001. Competition
and salt-mash plant zonation: stress tolerators may be dominant
competitors. Ecology 82 (9): 2471-2485.
Koeppen, W. 1948. Climatología: con un estudio de los climas de la tierra.
Ciudad del Mexico, Mexico: Fondo de la Cultura Económica. 479 p.
Kozlowski, T. T. 1997. Responses of woody plants to flooding and salinity.
Tree physiology Monograph 1 (1): 1-29.
Miranda, L. B. d., B. M. d. Castro and b. Kjerfve. 2002. Principios de
oceanografia física de estuários. São Paulo: Edusp. 424 p.
Russell, P. J., T. K. Flowers, M. J. Hutchings and T. J. Flows. 1985. Comparison
of niche breadths and overlaps of halophytes on salt marshes of
differing diversity. Vegetatio 61 (1): 171-178.
Silva, M. A. B. D., E. Bernini and T. M. S. Carmo. 2005. Características
estruturais de bosques de mangue do estuário do rio São Mateus, ES,
Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 9 (3): 465-471.
Touchette, B. W. 2006. Salt tolerance in a Juncus roemerianus brackish
marsh: Spatial variations in plant water relations. Journal of
Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 337 (1): 1-12.
Vannucci, M. 2001. What is so special about mangroves? Brazilian Journal
of Biology 61: 599-603.
Wells, B. W. and I. V. Shunk. 1938. Salt spray: An important Factor in
Coastal Ecology. Bulletin of Torrey Botanical Club 65 (7): 485-492.
Werner, A. D. and D. A. Lockington. 2006. Tidal impacts on riparian
salinities near estuaries. Journal of Hydrology 328 (3-4): 511-522.
Wolanski, E. 2007. Estuarine Ecohydrology. Amsterdam, Netherlands:
Elsevier. 168 p.
Received: December 2010
Last Revised: January 2011
Accepted: February 2011
Published online: March 2011
Editorial responsibility: Frederico Augusto Guimarães Guilherme
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