Science and Diplomacy: Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

Abstract

The ozone layer forms a thin shield in the stratosphere, protecting life onEarth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. Emissions of ozone-depletingsubstances (ODS)used in many sectors (such as refrigeration, air-conditioning,foams, and firefighting) destroystratospheric ozone. Increased ultraviolet radiation from major depletion of stratosphericozone can cause increases in skin cancer and cataracts, weaken the human immunesystems, damage some agricultural crops, impact natural ecosystems, and degrade materialssuch as plastic. The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layerseeks worldwide phaseout of the production and consumption of ODS. Scientists confirmedthat the protocol is working and that the ozone layer is on its way to recoveryaround the year 2050. Science and technology, including research at Antarctic stationsproving that manufactured chemicals destroy stratospheric ozone and cause the Antarcticozone hole, played important roles in the evolution and success of the protocol. Scientistsprovided early warning about the issue, discovered the Antarctic ozone hole, and linkedit to CFC emissions and, along with nongovernmental organizations and the media, informedthe public. The United Nations Environment Programme facilitated negotiationsby governments. Science and technology panels of the protocol verified the performance ofand facilitated periodical strengthening of the protocol. The scientific findings stimulatedand motivated industry to innovation of alternatives to ODS. The protocol promoted universalparticipation, early action, continuous learning, and progressively tougher action.The protocol’s Multilateral Fund and its implementing agencies assisted developing countriesthrough technology transfer, creation of national focal points and networks, training,and introduction of regulations and policies.