Sex-dependent effect of post-migration adaptation on height and relative lower leg length in Polish youth

Abstract

Background: Growth in tibia length is considered to be particularly sensitive to environmental stress. Aim: To estimate the effect of parental migration status on the relative length of the tibia in their school-age children. Subjects and methods: Data included a nationwide random sample of 17,155 schoolchildren, 7–18 years of age, examined between 1966 and 1969 in Poland who provided information on anthropometric measurements and demographic and social characteristics. Parental migration status was based on paternal migration history. After standardisation by LMS method, z-scores of relative tibia length and z-scores of height were used for analysis. Three-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the influence of migration on tibia length-to-height ratio. Results: Sons of migrants have a significantly higher tibia length-to-height ratio compared to sons of non-migrants. Children of non-migrants were taller than children of migrants among boys in medium SES and among girls in high and low SES. Relative tibia length indicated significant effects of migration among boys in all age categories and in late adolescent girls: sons of migrants had a higher ratio and daughters of migrants had a lower tibia length-to-height ratio. Conclusion: It is possible that migration experiences of the parents may have influenced the growth of their offspring. The results emphasise the potential importance of research addressing the impact of different types of migration on growth of children.