Vitamins and minerals

Abstract

Essential vitamins and minerals are also known as micronutrients. They are uniquely required for essential biological and structural functions in the body, including as hormones, antioxidants, and enzyme cofactors and for one-carbon metabolism and DNA synthesis. Recommendations for macronutrient intake are typically stipulated by groups of experts in specific countries or geographic regions. One of the most common concerns about nutrient needs for those with age-related chronic illness involves the influence of medications on various components of nutrient metabolism. Age-associated risk factors for the adverse influence of medications on vitamin or mineral status include marginal nutrient intakes as well as poor renal function. Because of low intakes in the US and many other countries, nutrients of public health concern have been identified for older adults. Supplements of various vitamins and minerals generally have not been beneficial in primary prevention of chronic diseases.