Absolute zinc quantification at the sub-cellular level by combined use of hard X-ray fluorescence and phase contrast imaging techniques

Abstract

Hard X-ray fluorescence microscopy and magnified phase contrast imaging are combined to obtain quantitative maps of the projected zinc mass fraction in whole cell of PC12 cell lines. The experiments were performed on freeze dried cells at the nano-imaging station ID22NI of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF). X-ray fluorescence analysis gives the areal mass of most major, minor and trace elements while quantitative phase contrast imaging provides maps of the projected mass. The combined method was validated on calibration samples by comparison with other alternative techniques such as Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy (STIM). Up to now, absolute quantification at the sub-cellular level was impossible using X-ray fluorescence microscopy but can be reached for the first time with the use of the proposed approach. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.