United by History: Government Appropriation of Everyday Nationalism during Vladimir Putin's Third Term

Abstract

During Vladimir Putin's third presidential term, the Russian government and media's rhetorical embrace of illiberalism, patriotism, and chauvinism was accompanied and partly facilitated by the invocation of historical precedent and correct historical understanding. Politicians stressed the importance of a shared historical memory to Russian national identity, rendering the interpretation of history a question of patriotism. The government and state-supportive media then used patriotic historical memories to legitimize government policies. Through framing analysis of three significant episodes - namely, the Ukraine Crisis, imposition of sanctions, and Russian intervention in Syria - I outline how the government and state-supportive media conflated these events with supposed historical precedents. This conflation made patriotic (or government-approved) history an everyday topic of discussion, but it also confused supporting government policy with celebrating historical triumph (or condemning historical tragedy). In this way, the government co-opted the emotional power of the history they invoked for the purposes of legitimizing their policies. This was compounded by the government and state-supportive media using and citing images and descriptions of ordinary people performing their patriotism in a manner that simultaneously demonstrated awareness of Russian history and support for the government.