Human–Computer Interaction in Smart Greenhouses: A Review of Interfaces, Technologies, and User-Centered Approaches

Abstract

Human–computer interaction (HCI) is essential for optimizing smart greenhouse management and for fostering efficient and sustainable agricultural practices. A synthesis of recent advancements in diverse interfaces, including digital twins, virtual and augmented reality, mobile applications, and sensor-based controls, alongside the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), automation, and human–robot collaboration, was examined as part of advanced automation strategies. This study highlights the importance of user-centered and context-aware design to enhance usability, address challenges like simulation sickness, and cater to varied user demographics. Emphasis is placed on responsible, adaptive, and trustworthy interaction, ensuring effective decision support and promoting human–AI synergy. This review offers an integrated perspective on current developments, identifying pathways for future sustainable interaction design in controlled-environment agriculture.