The frequency of post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms in athletes with and without sports related concussion

Abstract

BACKGROUND Purpose of this study is to investigate the presence and frequency of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in post-concussed (PC) athletes compared to a group of healthy control (HC) athletes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHOD A pre and post-test group design was used to compare a post-concussed group to a matched healthy control group of athletes. An archival database which included PC (n = 62) and HC (n = 62) participants matched on age, years of education and gender who completed a test battery at baseline and post injury, The test battery was comprised of a neurocognitive assessment, self-reported symptom inventory and PTSD symptom questionnaire. Post-concussion assessment was obtained within 0-13 days post-injury. RESULTS PTSD symptom scores were greater in PC post injury group (Mdn = 0) than for the HC group (Mdn = 0.0), U = 1282.0, p = 0.000, r = 0.34. A Wilcoxon Signed-ranks test indicated that PTSD symptom scores post-injury (Mdn = 0) were significantly higher than pre-injury (Mdn = 0), Z = - 2.75, p = 0.000, r = 0.35. Within the PC post injury group athletes having "difficulty sleeping" was the highest reported symptom an average of 25.8% followed by "avoiding similar situations" at an average of 19.4%. "Having trouble keeping thoughts of incident out of your head" was reported at an average of 17.7% and "flashbacks" were reported at an average of 12.9%. "Nightmares" and "feeling numb and detached" were reported at an average of 8.1 and 6.5% respectively. CONCLUSION Athletes who reported no PTSD symptoms prior to sports related concussion do exhibit symptoms of PTSD. Providing a PTSD symptom questionnaire may provide a more comprehensive treatment plan for PC post injury athletes who may be at risk of chronic PTSD symptoms.