Aqueous Zinc–Chalcogen Batteries: Emerging Conversion-Type Energy Storage Systems

Abstract

Aqueous zinc (Zn) metal batteries are considered competitive candidates for next-generation energy storage, attributed to the abundance, low redox potential, and high theoretical capacity of Zn. However, conventional cathode materials are mainly based on ion-insertion electrochemistry, which can only deliver limited capacity. The conversion-type aqueous zinc–chalcogen batteries (AZCBs) have received widespread attention because they combine the advantages of chalcogen cathodes (S, Se, and Te) and Zn anodes to significantly enhance their capacity. Research on AZCBs has increased continuously; however, it is still in its infancy because the selection and regulation of cathode material systems are not comprehensive and systematic, and the investigation of the mechanisms is not thorough. Herein, we present a detailed overview explaining the recent progress of AZCBs, providing comprehensive guidelines for further research. First, research based on S cathodes, which is the most studied system among AZCBs, is summarized. Second, research based on Se and Te cathodes is described. Research on these different systems is mainly focused on electrolyte modification and cathode optimization. In each section, various strategies are introduced, and the working mechanisms are also discussed. Finally, the challenges and prospects for the development of AZCBs are presented.