The Law and Norms of the European Central Bank as Sovereign Lender of Last Resort: Crystallising Endogenous Authority

Abstract

Authority of the European Central Bank (the Bank) over its operational norms in the eyes of market actors - Exogenous and endogenous authority and legitimacy - The reconciliation by the Bank and the Court of Justice of the EU (the Court) of the pre-existing norm and political-economic reality with Article 123 TFEU - Sovereign lender of last resort - Eurozone Crisis - Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT) - Public Sector Purchase Programme (PSPP) - Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP).