Ultrasound examination techniques of extra- and intracranial veins

Abstract

While arterial ultrasonography is an established and widely used method, the venous side of circulation has long been neglected. Reasons for this late interest may be the relatively lower incidence of primary venous diseases. It was not until the mid 1990s that venous transcranial ultrasound in adults was systematically developed. This paper reviews the extra- und intracranial examination techniques of the cranial venous outflow. ©2012 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.