Variational quantum attacks threaten advanced encryption standard based symmetric cryptography

Abstract

We propose a variational quantum attack algorithm (VQAA) for classical advanced encryption standard (AES)-like symmetric cryptography, as exemplified by the simplified-data encryption standard (S-DES). In the VQAA, the known ciphertext is encoded as the ground state of a Hamiltonian that is constructed through a regular graph, and the ground state can be found using a variational approach. We designed the ansatz and cost function for the S-DES’s variational quantum attack. It is surprising that sometimes the VQAA is even faster than Grover’s algorithm as demonstrated by our simulation results. The relationships of the entanglement entropy, concurrence, and the cost function are investigated, which indicate that entanglement plays a crucial role in the speedup.