Cysteine 144 in the Third Transmembrane Domain of the Creatine Transporter Is Located Close to a Substrate-binding Site

Abstract

All creatine transporters contain a cysteine residue (Cys144) in the third transmembrane domain that is not present in other members of the Na+,Cl--dependent family of neurotransmitter transporters. Site-directed mutagenesis and reaction with methane thiosulfonates were used to investigate the importance of Cys144 for transporter function. Replacement of Cys144 with Ser did not significantly affect the kinetics or activity of the transporter, whereas a C144A mutant had a higher Km (0.33 compared with 0.18 mM). Substitution of Cys144 with Leu gave a mutant with a 5-fold higher Km and a reduced specificity for substrate. Low concentrations of 2-aminoethyl methanethiosulfonate (MTSEA) resulted in rapid inactivation of the creatine transporter. The C144S mutant was resistant to inactivation, indicating that modification of Cys144 was responsible for the loss of transport activity. Creatine and analogues that function as substrates of the creatine transporter were able to protect from MTSEA inactivation. Na+ and Cl- ions were not necessary for MTSEA inactivation, but Na + was found to be important for creatine protection from inactivation. Our results indicate that cysteine 144 is close to the binding site or part of a permeation channel for creatine.