Analysis of the 2024 Hajj heat event and future temperature extremes in Mecca

Abstract

Extreme heat events in the Middle East have become increasingly frequent and intense due to human-driven climate change. During the Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, in June 2024, temperatures soared to a record-breaking 51.8 °C, resulting in the tragic deaths of at least 1300 pilgrims and over 2700 non-fatal injuries. Our analysis of future projections, tailored for the region, indicates that in a warmer climate, such hazards may become a regular occurrence. Addressing these challenges through effective climate mitigation and adaptation is essential to building resilience against future extreme heat risks.