Magnesium (Mg2+) Deficiency, Not Well-Recognized Non-Infectious Pandemic: Origin and Consequence of Chronic Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress-Associated Diseases

Abstract

Magnesium (Mg2+) is an essential mineral nutrient, necessary for many biochemical reactions in the human body, including energy metabolism, protein and DNA synthesis, maintenance of the electrical potential of nervous and cardiac tissues, control of blood glucose, and regulation of blood pressure. However, currently, the world population suffers from a severe problem because the consumption of Mg2+ in the diet is deficient and generalized in the populations. Mg2+ deficiency causes oxidative stress (OS) due to the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) that originate from mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of the renin-angiotensinaldosterone system (RAAS), and abnormal regulation of calcium homeostasis. In addition, Mg2+ deficiency also causes inflammation by increasing the production of proinflammatory molecules such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which in turn can exacerbate the production of ROS. The combination of inflammation and OS induced by Mg2+ deficiency increases the risk of developing chronic diseases. This review describes Mg2+ deficiency, its complications, and its relationship with OS and chronic inflammatory diseases. In addition, the importance of increasing the intake of Mg2+ throughout the world is highlighted.