Characterisation, Phytochemical Analysis, and Ethnobotanical Significance of Temperate Lichen Species of Uttarakhand, India

Abstract

Background: Lichens are known to be symbiotic organisms consisting of fungi and algae. They have been found to produce unique secondary metabolites and display bioactive properties. Aim: This characterisation and phytochemical study were undertaken on lichens belonging to the Parmotrema austrosinense, Dermatocarpon vellereum, and Heterodermia diademata, which were obtained from the temperate regions of Tehri, Pauri, and Chamoli districts of Uttarakhand. Methods: These lichens were preserved in the Lucknow Garden (LWG) herbarium of the National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI), Lucknow. Phytochemical screening was done on the lichens using petroleum ether, acetone, and methanol. The ethnobotanical importance and uses of lichens were studied through literature surveys and interactions with people in the Garhwal region. Results: Methanol was found to be the most effective solvent in extracting the highest amount of extract from smaller samples and giving the highest number of positive phytochemical screening results. Conclusion: This study successfully identifies key secondary metabolites and confirms the ethnobotanical significance, supports the medicinal, ecological, and conservation value of temperate lichens in Uttarakhand. Major Findings: Major findings include the superior efficiency of methanol as an extraction solvent, the consistent presence of bioactive secondary metabolites across all studied species, and the validation of their traditional therapeutic applications, thereby supporting their potential for future pharmacological exploration.