Risperidone-loaded PLGA–lipid particles with improved release kinetics: Manufacturing and detailed characterization by electron microscopy and nano-CT

Abstract

For parenteral controlled drug release, the desired zero order release profile with no lag time is often difficult to achieve. To overcome the undesired lag time of the current commercial risperidone controlled release formulation, we developed PLGA–lipid microcapsules (MCs) and PLGA–lipid microgels (MGs). The lipid phase was composed of middle chain triglycerides (MCT) or isopropylmyristate (IPM). Hydroxystearic acid was used as an oleogelator. The three-dimensional inner structure of Risperidone-loaded MCs and MGs was assessed by using the invasive method of electron microscopy with focused ion beam cutting (FIB-SEM) and the noninvasive method of high-resolution nanoscale X-ray computed tomography (nano-CT). FIB-SEM and nano-CT measurements revealed the presence of highly dispersed spherical structures around two micrometres in size. Drug release kinetics did strongly depend on the used lipid phase and the presence or absence of hydroxystearic acid. We achieved a nearly zero order release without a lag time over 60 days with the MC-MCT formulation. In conclusion, the developed lipid-PLGA microparticles are attractive alternatives to pure PLGA-based particles. The advantages include improved release profiles, which can be easily tuned by the lipid composition.