Pyrolysis of Automotive Shredder Residue (ASR): Thermogravimetry, In-Situ Synchrotron IR and Gas-Phase IR of Polymeric Components

Abstract

This article reports the characterisation of pyrolysis of automotive shredder residue using in situ synchrotron IR, gas-phase IR, and thermal analyses to explore if the automotive shredder residue can be converted into value-added products. When heating to ~600 °C at different heating rates, thermal analyses suggested one- to two-stage pyrolysis. Transformations in the first stage, at lower temperatures, were attributed to the degradation of carbonyl, hydroxyl, or carboxyl functional stabilisers (aldehyde and ether impurities, additives, and stabilisers in the ASR). The second stage transformations, at higher temperatures, were attributed to the thermal degradation of the polymer char. Simultaneous thermal analyses and gas-phase IR spectroscopy confirmed the evolution of the gases (alkanes (CH4), CO2, and moisture). The synchrotron IR data have demonstrated that a high heating rate (such as 150 °C/min) results in an incomplete conversion of ASRs unless sufficient time is provided. The thermogravimetry data fit the linearised multistage kinetic model at different heating rates. The activation energy of reactions varied between 24.98 and 124.94 kJ/mol, indicating a surface-controlled reaction exhibiting high activation energy during the initial stages and a diffusion and mass transfer control showing lower activation energy at the final stages. The corresponding frequency factors were in the range of 3.34 × 1013–5.68 × 101 mg−1/min for different pyrolysis stages. The evolution of the functional groups decreased with an increase in the heating rate.