Gaze-Ography. An Overview of Map-Related Research Using Eye-Tracking and Its Potential for Geography Education

Abstract

This mapping review synthesizes 110 empirical studies using eye-tracking to examine map use and its implications for geography education. It identifies four core themes: traditional and digital map design, user interaction and behavior, and demographics. Methodologically, it highlights advances in mixed methods, Electroencephalography integration, machine learning, and open-source tools. Findings show that spatial abilities, strategies, and demographic factors influence map-reading. The review concludes each section with research questions to guide future work in educational settings.