Article influence of estrus on the milk characteristics and mid-infrared spectra of dairy cows

Abstract

Milk produced by dairy cows is a complex combination of many components. However, at present, changes in only a few milk components (e.g., fat, protein, and lactose) during the estrus cycle in dairy cows have been documented. Mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy is a worldwide method routinely used for milk analysis, as MIR spectra reflect the global composition of milk. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the changes in milk MIR spectra and milk production traits (fat, protein, lactose, urea, total solids (TS), and solid not fat (SnF)) due to estrus. Cows that were successfully inseminated, leading to conception, were included. Cows confirmed to be pregnant were considered to be in estrus at the day of insemination (day 0). A general linear mixed model, which included the random effect of cows, the fixed classification effects of parity number, days in relation to estrus, as well as the interaction between parity number and days in relation to estrus, was applied to investigate the changes in milk production traits and 1060 milk infrared wavenumbers, ranging from 925 to 5011 cm−1, of 371 records from 162 Holstein cows on the days before (day −3, day −2, and day −1) and on the day of estrus (day 0). The days in relation to estrus had a significant effect on fat, protein, urea, TS, and SnF, whose contents increased from day −3 to day 0. Lactose did not seem to be significantly influenced by the occurrence of estrus. The days in relation to estrus had significant effects on the majority of the wavenumbers. Besides, we found that some of the wavenumbers in the water absorption regions were significantly changed on the days before and on the day of estrus. This suggests that these wavenumbers may contain useful information. In conclusion, the changes in the milk composition due to estrus can be observed through the analysis of the milk MIR spectrum. Further analyses are warranted to more deeply explore the potential use of milk MIR spectra in the detection of estrus.