A review of exosomes and their application in cutaneous medical aesthetics

Abstract

Background: Exosomes have gained recent popularity in aesthetic medicine; however, there is still a dearth of understanding on the etiology of exosomes, their physiologic function, and regenerative capabilities. Objective: The purpose of this article is to summarize some of the physiologic functions of exosomes, their mechanistic role, and current commercial landscape in regenerative aesthetics. Methods: A Medline search was conducted with the keywords, exosomes, extracellular vesicles, stem cells, skin rejuvenation, and cutaneous aesthetics. MeSH term “exosomes” filtered by relevant subheadings was also utilized. Pertinent original articles encompassing animal studies, cell studies, and human studies were included. We restricted to articles published in the last 10 years. Results: Pre-clinical studies have demonstrated the therapeutic capabilities of exosomes in wound healing, scar modulation, alopecia, and skin rejuvenation. Exosomes primarily exert their effects in a paracrine function and modulate the interactions between keratinocytes and other cells of the skin. Exogenous exosomes can be utilized in a variety of settings to bring about desired aesthetic outcomes and to date, has only been approved for topical administration. Conclusion: The safety, efficacy, potency, and dosages of exosomes remains to be determined via robust human clinical trials. Isolation and purification techniques have yet to be standardized, and this would be required for regulatory approval of all delivery modes. Overall, exosomes deliver yet another therapeutic option in regenerative aesthetics.