How do trait self-control constructs and discounting relate to each other and to modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

Abstract

Purpose: This study examines how different trait self-control constructs and discounting relate to each other and to modifiable behavioral and cardiometabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Data from 8453 adults (18–65 years) participating in the Lifelines Cohort and the LIFESTYLE Study were analyzed. Participants self-reported on trait self-control constructs (Brief Self-Control Scale Short-form, Grit Scale Short-form, Delaying Gratification Inventory Short-form, Abbreviated Impulsiveness Scale, Risk Propensity Scale), delay discounting (exponential discounting and present bias parameters of the quasi-hyperbolic discount model elicited using choice lists), probability discounting (risk premium elicited using a certainty equivalent task), physical activity, sedentary behavior, fat and sugar intake, and sleep duration. Body mass index, waist–hip ratio, and pulse pressure were measured during a Lifelines clinic visit. Results: Measures of trait self-control constructs showed moderate correlations with each other, and very weak correlations with discounting measures. Discounting measures correlated (very) weakly with each other. Regression analyses showed that the Brief Self-Control Scale Short-form, Grit Scale Short-form, and Delaying Gratification Inventory Short-form were significantly associated with all of studied outcomes in the expected direction—higher self-control linked to better health outcomes. Other trait self-control construct and discounting measures demonstrated weaker associations. Allowing measures to group into factors did not improve predictive power. Conclusion: Trait self-control constructs and discounting are very weakly to moderately related, suggesting they represent distinct facets of a broader construct. Certain trait self-control constructs are important predictors of CVD risk, highlighting potential targets for interventions aimed at improving cardiovascular health.