In-flight measurement of free-stream turbulence in the convective boundary layer

Abstract

Natural laminar flow airfoils have achieved such a level of refinement that further optimisation and subsequent wind tunnel testing need to regard the specific free-stream turbulence to be expected during operation. This requires the characterisation of this turbulence in terms of those properties which are relevant for boundary layer receptivity and subsequent transition. These parameters of turbulence change with environmental conditions and, in case of aircraft, along the flight profile. This study investigates the free-stream turbulence relevant for the case of sailplane airfoils. In-flight measurements with a constant temperature anemometer x-wire probe were conducted during cross-country flights in Central Europe and provided 22 h of flight data, covering thermalling phases as well as straight flight legs. Longitudinal and transversal velocity fluctuations were recorded well into the dissipation range. The special challenges of operating a constant temperature anemometer probe continuously for several hours are addressed. The permanent unsteadiness of the inflow poses challenges for the evaluation, but also provides a broad database of measured turbulence levels. The quality of the measurements is shown by verifying some of the predictions of Kolmogorov's inertial range theories. Free-stream turbulence in thermalling phases is sufficiently homogeneous to be described accurately, as the dissipation range fluctuates only in a limited range and follows a log-normal distribution. On the straight flight legs, the turbulence depends on the convective activity along the flight path. In general, within the convective part of the atmosphere, turbulence levels are found to be significantly larger than in low-turbulence wind tunnels. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].