Tetracalcium Phosphate/Monetite/Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate Biocement for Alveolar Bone Augmentation After Tooth Extraction in Pig Mandible

Abstract

A tetracalcium phosphate/monetite/calcium sulfate hemihydrate powder cement mixture (CAS) in the form of a paste was used as a socket preservative to prevent alveolar ridge resorption after the extraction of the second premolar tooth in the mandible of a pig model. During the post-surgery period, the animals were monitored daily. No signs of inflammation, infection, or other complications were observed in the defect site for six months. Six months after surgery, the mandible defects in pigs were evaluated using macroscopic, histological, and radiological techniques. Treatment of the extraction sites with CAS biocement resulted in the uniform filling of the defects with alveolar bone tissue, characterized by a relatively smooth and homogeneous gum surface with no visible biocement residues. The formation of new bone tissue with osteoblasts, osteocytes, and mineralized matrices was confirmed. The results showed the similar morphology, thickness, and complete integration of the newly formed bone with the surrounding tissue. CAS biocement could be an effective material to prevent alveolar bone reduction as well as soft tissue loss and could support dental implant placement with long-term functionality.