Pleural Empyema Due to Proteus Mirabilis in an Adult: A Rarely Encountered Clinical Scenario

Abstract

The presence of Proteus species in the pleural space is an uncommonly reported entity and is rarely seen even in patients with compromised immune status. We report a case of pleural empyema due to Proteus species in an adult oral cancer patient receiving chemotherapy for academic interest and for generating awareness regarding an expanded pathogenic spectrum of the organism. A 44-year-old salesman, non-smoker and non-alcoholic, presented with sudden-onset shortness of breath, left-sided chest pain, and low-grade fever of one-day duration. He had been recently diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the tongue and had received two cycles of chemotherapy. After clinical and radiographic evaluation, the patient was diagnosed with left-sided empyema. Following thoracocentesis, the aspirated pus sent for bacterial culture yielded pure growth of Proteus mirabilis. Appropriately modified antibiotic therapy with parenteral piperacillin-tazobactam followed by cefixime, tube drainage, and other supportive therapy resulted in a favorable outcome. After three weeks of hospitalization, the patient was discharged for further planned management of his underlying condition. Though uncommon, the possibility of Proteus species should be kept in mind as a causative agent of thoracic empyema in adults, especially in immunocompromised patients with cancer, diabetes, and renal diseases. The so-called common microorganisms of empyema appear to have altered over time, influenced by anticancer therapy and underlying host immune status. Rapid diagnosis and appropriate antimicrobial therapy usually result in a favorable outcome.