Liquid-Solid Triboelectric Nanogenerators in Physical and Chemical Sensors-A Review

Abstract

Liquid–solid triboelectric nanogenerators (L‑S TENGs) have emerged as promising self‑powered sensing platforms; however, their practical deployment is still limited by poor environmental stability and a lack of quantitative understanding of interfacial charge dynamics. Unlike previous reviews that mainly summarized structural configurations and energy‑harvesting applications, this work focuses on sensing mechanisms, interfacial physics, and design strategies that govern L‑S TENG performance. Critical insights are further provided into unsolved challenges—including salinity effects, stability of active interfaces, and integration in wearable and microfluidic systems—and outline future research directions toward reliable, multifunctional L‑S TENG sensors. This perspective‑driven review aims to bridge the gap between conceptual mechanism understanding and practical sensing applications.