Dietary energy density is associated with body mass index-for-age in Mexican adolescents

Abstract

Dietary energy density (DED) has been widely considered a risk factor for weight gain. In adolescents, however, the evidence is inconclusive, and in Mexico, the ways in which DED is associated with overweight and obesity are unknown. Our study analysed the association of DED with overweight or obesity (OW-O) in Mexican adolescents included in the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012 (ENSANUT 2012). We analysed the data from a 7-day Food Frequency Questionnaire administered to 2,203 Mexican adolescents aged 12–19 years. DED was calculated excluding all beverages. Plausible and implausible reporters were identified based on the relationship between the reported energy intake and the estimated energy requirement. The association of DED with body mass index (BMI)-for-age and OW-O was analysed using multivariate statistical models restricted to plausible reporters. The combined prevalence of overweight and obesity was 35.4% in the complete sample and 27.8% in the sample of plausible reporters. Mean DED was 177 kcal/100 g, with higher DED in the north of the country. The proportion of plausible reporters was 38.5%. We found a positive association between high DED and the BMI-for-age z-score (β = 0.347; 95% CI [0.101, 0.594]; P = 0.006), controlling for sociodemographic and dietary variables, but no significant association with OW-O. It is necessary to consider the DED in the design and implementation of strategies to reduce energy density in the diets of young Mexicans.